Evidence-Based Practice Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Proof Based Practice Project - Assignment Example To help among the intercessions on heart ailments, echocardiography was presented. The utilization of echocardiography as a methods for recognizing the basic perspectives and those identified with utilitarian methods in connection heart illnesses remain differ on. A portion of the issues related with the utilization of the machine incorporate the repeat pace of the issue because of disappointments or shortcomings identified with this machine. To add on to the above is the way that echocardiography has just been utilized among grown-ups and has not been utilized among adolescents yet youngsters face an expanded danger of heart ailments. This is an issue since young people should likewise get the assistance if the machine can support them (Mane, et.al. 2012). Tending to heart maladies since early on ought to be the perfect intercession. In this manner, by forgetting about young people in the tests on whether the machine can help control heart infections close by different mediations is n't right (Welsh, Sharma, Cunningham and Vos, 2011). All things considered, this issue must be set out to guarantee that young people get the opportunity to utilize the machine. There are a few partners/change operators that are concerned or may profit by this proposition. The main change specialists will be the youngsters. This proposition straightforwardly influences young people and the proposed arrangement will be tried on them. In this manner, adolescents structure the first and most significant change operators and partners in this regard. The subsequent partners is the guardians or potentially gatekeepers of the young people since adolescents can't settle on choices to take an interest in the proposed arrangement without anyone else. In this manner, guardians as well as gatekeepers come in as agents for youngsters. The college is a partner in this proposition in light of the fact that the proposed arrangement will be executed under the college. Thusly, it is a significant partner in this proposition. The medicinal services framework, human services professionals particularly cardiologists, producers of echocardiography and potential clients are largel y partners/

How to Apply for a Patent for Your Invention

Instructions to Apply for a Patent for Your Invention Creators who have made another item or procedure can apply for a patent by rounding out a patent application, paying an expense, and submitting it to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Licenses are intended to secure manifestations that take care of a particular mechanical issue - be it an item or procedure - by guaranteeing that nobody else can deliver and sell an item or procedure like the one protected. Since the patent application is an authoritative record, designers wanting to finish the structures need to have a specific degree of ability and exactness when rounding out the correct administrative work - the better composed the patent, the better the security the patent will deliver. The patent application itself has no fill-in structures accessible on the most intricate pieces of the administrative work, and rather, you will be asked to submitâ drawingsâ of your creation and round out a progression of specialized specs that make it extraordinary and novel from every single other innovation that have just been licensed. Undertaking a non-temporary utility patent application without aâ patent lawyer or agentâ is troublesome and not prescribed for tenderfoots to patent law. Despite the fact that onlyâ the designer may apply for a patent, with certainâ exceptions, and at least two people makingâ an inventionâ jointly should apply for a patent as joint creators, all innovators must be recorded on the patent applications. Beginning With Filing Your Patent It is enthusiastically suggested that you draft a first duplicate of the patent application and do a primer quest for earlier craftsmanship yourself before carrying the desk work to the patent operator you recruit for a last confirmation. On the off chance that you should self-patent for monetary reasons please read a book, for example, Patent It Yourself and comprehend the dangers of self-licensing. Another other option - which accompanies its own set ofâ drawbacksâ -is to document a temporary patent application, which gives one year of assurance, permits patent pending status, and doesn't require composing claims. In any case, before one year lapses you should document a non-temporary patent application for your innovation, and during this year, you can advance and sell your item and ideally collect the cash for a non-temporary patent. Numerous fruitful specialists advocate temporary licenses and different choices as a superior way to follow. Fundamentals of Non-Provisional Utility Patent Applications All non-provisionalâ utilityâ patent applications must incorporate a composed record which contains a detail (depiction and claims) and an Oath or Declaration; a drawingâ in those cases where a drawingâ is important; and the documenting charge at the hour of utilization, which is the expense when the patent is given, just as an Application Data Sheet. The depictions and cases are imperative to a patent application as they are what the patent analyst will take a gander at to decide whether your creation is novel, valuable, nonobvious, and effectively diminished to rehearse as it identifies with whether the innovation isâ patentableâ in the primary spot. It takes as long as three years for a patent application to be in all actuality, and in light of the fact that applications are regularly dismissed the first occasion when, you may need to alter the cases and bid. Ensure that you meet allâ drawing standardsâ and keep every single patent law that apply to configuration patent applications so as to stay away from further postponement. It will be much simpler for you to see how to apply for a structure patent on the off chance that you investigate a couple gave configuration licenses first - check out Design Patent D436,119â as a model before continuing, which incorporates the first page and three pages of drawing sheets. Discretionary Preamble and Mandatory Single Claim A prelude (whenever included) should express the name of the designer, the title of the plan, and a concise portrayal ofâ the natureâ and planned utilization of the creation that the structure is associated with, and all the data contained in the introduction will be imprinted on the patent on the off chance that it is allowed. Utilizing an Optional Preamble: I, John Doe, have imagined another structure for an adornments bureau, as set out in the accompanying determination. The guaranteed adornments bureau is utilized to store gems and could sit on a department. You may decide not to compose a nitty gritty prelude in your structure patent application;â however, you should compose one claim like Design Patent D436,119â uses. You will present all bibliographic data, for example, the designers name by utilizing anâ application information sheetâ or ADS. Utilizing a Single Claim: The decorative structure for eyeglasses, as appeared and portrayed. All plan patent application may just incorporate a solitary case that characterizes the structure which the candidate wishes to patent, and the case must be written in formal terms, where as indicated identifies with drawing norms remembered for the application while as depicted implies that the application incorporates uncommon portrayals of the plan, a legitimate appearing of altered types of the structure, or other clear issue. Configuration Patent Title and Additional Details The title of the structure must recognize the innovation that the plan is associated with by its most normal name utilized by people in general, yet advertising assignments (like Coca-Cola rather than pop) are ill-advised as titles and ought not be utilized. A title elucidating of the genuine article is suggested. A decent title helps the individual that is inspecting your patent know where to or not to scan for earlier workmanship and assists with the best possible order of the plan patent on the off chance that it is conceded; it additionally helps the comprehension of the nature and utilization of your innovation that willâ embody the structure. Instances of good titles incorporate gems bureau, disguised adornments bureau, or board for a gems embellishment bureau, every one of which offers determinations to things definitely known casually, which could expand your odds of getting your patent endorsed. Any cross-references to relatedâ patent applicationsâ should be expressed (except if effectively remembered for the application information sheet), and you ought to likewise incorporate an announcement in regards to any governmentally supported research or improvement assuming any. Figure and Special Descriptions (Optional) The figure portrayals of the drawings included with the application determine what each view speaks to, and ought to be noted as FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 3, and so forth. These things are intended to educate the operator investigating your application to what is being introduced in each drawing, which can be shown in that capacity: FIG.1 is a point of view perspective on eyeglasses indicating my new design;FIG.2 is a front elevational see thereof;FIG.3 is a back elevational see thereof;FIG.4 is a side elevational see, the contrary side being a perfect representation thereof;FIG.5 is a top view thereof; and,FIG.6 is a base view thereof. Any portrayal of the structure in the determination, other than a concise depiction of the drawing, is commonly a bit much since, when in doubt, the drawing is the plans best depiction. In any case, while not required, an exceptional depiction isn't restricted. Notwithstanding the figure depictions, there are numerous sorts of unique portrayals that are reasonable in the detail, which include: A depiction of the presence of bits of the guaranteed plan which are not outlined in the drawing exposure; a descriptionâ disclaiming bits of the article not appeared, that structure no piece of the asserted structure; an announcement showing that any messed up line representation of ecological structure in the drawing isn't a piece of the plan tried to be licensed; and a portrayal signifying the nature and ecological utilization of the asserted plan, if excluded from the preface.

East Campus Hall Rush 1E

East Campus Hall Rush 1E Hi friends! Im Jamie and Im a new blogger. Im a senior in 2A-4, (flexible mechanical engineering with a concentration in design/architecture). I live on the first floor of the east parallel of East Campus, which brings me to hall rush! Each hall in East Campus has a different culture and personality. On one special night, freshmen visit all 10 halls and then rank where they want to live. Each hall puts together events to convince the freshmen that their hall is a good place to live in. We bought 40 bags of biodegradable (edible) packing peanuts and filled the lounge with them. Since the packing peanuts are biodegradable, they melt and get sticky when moisture is added. This means that they stick to the sweat that was seeping out of probably everyone. My event was a mocktail bar where we made drinks with a fancy bar set because hydrate or die-drate. Some of the drinks we made were blueberries and rosemary muddled with agave and club soda and peach tea lemonade inspired by the (discontinued) Starbucks drink. We have rainbow lights down the middle section of our hall, and under these lights was a wall of solid empty cardboard boxes. We had freshmen sit in an office chair and get pushed into these empty boxes The talented artists on 1E got custom shirts made- the one on the left is what most people got and I got the special snowflake one on the right because i liked that design better.  I made stickers for Goodale, the northern 1/3 of the building and the coolest section of hall. We got 11 new frosh this year, and people have built things in their new rooms already! Updates coming. Post Tagged #1E #East Campus

Water Pollution in Canada Essay - 2503 Words

The industrialization of Canada is severely affecting the nations lakes, streams, and rivers. If something is not done to improve the situation it is going to have some severe environmental problems in its future. The following essay will be looking at the factors that cause pollution, and the effect that pollution has on the environment of Canada. It will also explore some of the methods used to treat and clean-up wastewater, and oil spills. Today pollution is very high in both inland and marine waters. All different types of water pollution are contributing factors in this problem. Here are some things that are associated with pollution: Pathogens: Pathogens are disease causing bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. They usually come†¦show more content†¦It affects ecological processes and blocks the migration paths of fish. Because of these pollutants Southern Saskatchewan and Alberta are threatened by water shortages, and the great lakes face problems in serious pollution. Rivers and streams are also greatly affected by these pollutants. The noticeable outcomes of these pollutants are these: Nitrates in drinking water can cause disease in infants that may sometimes end in death. Crops in a field can absorb sludge-derived fertilizer containing cadium, and when humans eat the crop it may result in acute liver and kidney damage. Sometimes lakes become artificially enriched with nutrients from the chemical fertilizers that run off cultivated fields into the water. This causes water that is unpleasant to drink due to bad odor, taste, and algae. Also, acid rain has left many lakes in Canada totally devoid of life. There are three major sources of water pollution, they are municipal, industrial and agricultural. Municipal: This type of water pollution comes from the wastewater found only in homes and commercial establishments For many years people have been placing importance on treating the waste to remove harmful bacteria, etc. from it. Recently we are coming aware of the fact that we have to improve the ways in which we dispose of the waste. Industrial: Industrial waste is wastewater from industrial areas, and companies. There are many different types of chemicals, and they all have differentShow MoreRelatedWater And Sanitation Of Canada1729 Words   |  7 Pageslocation of Canada, they retain a large amount of fresh water, 20% to be exact (Water 2012). However, even with the large percentage only 7% of the renewable freshwater and most of the water (just like in the United States) is not located in desirable areas. The majority of the Canadian population lives along the southern border wit h the United States and which creates the problem of most of the country s fresh water is found in the north drainage basins (Water 2012). As this hard to reach water reachesRead More Adapting Canada to the Future of a World With Scarce Water Essay1623 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Water is just more than drinking water. Water is the most basic and vital resource that humans need to sustain themselves. Water is used for food production from irrigating crops to actually manufacturing them. Canada like the world, uses water for sanitation, cleaning, manufacturing and daily function. Demand and supply will soon be at a crossroad, as increasing population creates increases in pollution, waste-water and global warming (Baker, 2007). This paper will seek to examineRead MoreThe Great Lakes And The Forests1349 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Lakes and the forests in Canada are both in severe states. Deforestation and pollution have caused short and long term effects that not only impact human health, but ecosystems as well. In order to mitigate these issues there needs to be action plans and individuals dedicated, and willing to help. The great lakes are 5 interconnected lakes throughout Canada and the USA, which flood out to the Atlantic Ocean. â€Å"Over the last 30 years there has been a decrease in point-source depollution,Read MoreA Brief Note On The Canadian Environmental Protection Act1180 Words   |  5 Pagesi) What are some of the main causes of water pollution in Canada, and what progress has Canada made in dealing with water pollution? Provide some indication of the seriousness of air pollution in Canada. There are many elements that cause water pollution in Canada. Water pollution usually happens when releases of ingredients damage the quality of water for other consumers, including humans and animals. Pollution can affect domestic waters such as lakes, rivers and groundwater. The three mainRead MoreThe Municipal Water And Water Quality1534 Words   |  7 PagesWESTERN ONTARIO Water Quality in Canada Student Names: ï‚Ÿ Chen Yang: 250651666 Course: Econ 2187F, Special Topics in Economics Professor: C. Middleton Due Date: 2014-12-01 Word Count: Abstract The purpose of this paper is focus on the municipal water issues in Canada, especially the main factors to affect water quality in Canada. Although there is a common perception that Canada has the second water quality and water quantity in the world, Canadians are among the highest water user per capitalRead MorePierre Trudeau s Policies On The Economy899 Words   |  4 PagesPierre Trudeau’s Policies Pierre Elliot Trudeau was the 15th Prime Minister of Canada. He served as Prime Minister from April 1968 to June 1984. During his time in office, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau introduced many new policies. Pierre Trudeau’s policies on the economy, the environment and multiculturalism greatly benefitted Canada. Pierre Trudeau’s policies on the economy benefitted Canada. Trudeau introduced many new support programs. They included increased unemployment insurance, benefitsRead MoreEssay on Canada ´s Mixedwood Plains and Pollution725 Words   |  3 PagesCanada is a very large country, with areas of land in various climate regions, and land regions, thus having many ecozones that differentiate from another. The most populated ecozone in Canada is the Mixedwood Plains; the ecozone we are located in, named after the mixedwood forests that are native to the area. The Mixedwood Plains is one of the smallest of the Canadian ecozones, spanning only 175 963 kilometres squared. The Mixedwood Plains is bordered by three of the great lakes on the southernRead MoreCanadian Waters Are Safe For Maritime Transportation945 Words   |  4 Pagesglobe by ship is a commitment given by the Government of Canada(GoC). Federal Government has taken concrete measures to convince Canadian public that the Canadian Waters are safe for maritime transportation. Following excerpts from various web sources explained government’s position on the issue. Canada’s oil sands are a major resource within Canada’s energy sector, accounting for 97 percent of Canada’s total oil reserves. Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) is committed to developing Canada’s oil sandsRead MoreTaking a Look at Lake Ontario772 Words   |  3 Pagesand is 1.5% of the worlds fresh water, Lake Ontario is one the five Great Lakes located on the borders between the United States and Canada. As the name suggests, this Lake Ontario is in the province of Ontario as well as the state of New York. As one of the Great Lakes, the lake provides many with fresh water (once it has been filtered). When starting from left to right, Lake Ontario is the last lake in the chain of Great Lakes through links of small bodies of water. It is also linked to the St. LawrenceRead MoreThe Great Lakes, Lake Lakes And Lake Ontario893 Words   |  4 Pagesaccounts for about 18% of the world s fresh water resources. They are rich in water and other resources and th e area of the Great Lakes extend more than 1200 km. The storage capacity of Great Lakes is about 23000 km3 and the surface area is around 244000 km2. Nowadays 1/10 of the Americans and a quarter of Canadians live in the lakes. Some of the world s largest industrial center is built on here. Almost 25% of total agricultural production in Canada and 7% in the United States will yield in this

Representation Of Queer Characters On Children Television

Alexis Chorley Professor Denny English 211 April 25, 2015 Thesis: Representation of queer characters on children television has often been done in the form of jokes, but should be a normal and healthy occurrence so kids can grow up understanding that it s okay and not something to be laughed at. I. Early cartoons have little positive representation of queer characters, and normally has queer characters posed as a joke. a. Two of the first known sissy trope characters come from the 1930 cartoons Flip the Frog (1933) and Sinbad the Sailor (1935) b. Children s animated movies tend to make effeminate men who are often implied to be gay, the super villain. c. The 1990s was around the earliest time when the effeminate male trope was often portrayed, but not always in negative context, like Genie in Aladdin. II. Shows targeted at children and teens throughout the 90 s to today have less blatant representation. a. Old cartoons that had queer characters later confirmed. (Mr. Simmons from Hey Arnold! as well as Sailor Neptune and Uranus from Sailor Moon in Japan). b. New cartoons like Steven Universe, The Legend of Korra, and Clarence have much more inclusive representation and attempts at breaking the binary. III. Why America still tries to hide queer representation. a. The fear of kids becoming gay due to the characters they see on television. b. Preferring the same-sex is equated to having sex. c. Queer characters will confuse kids.Show MoreRelatedStop Burying My Gays 806 Words   |  4 PagesI keep wondering, why does everyone else deserve a happy ending?† I wrote this almost a year ago, upset and feeling like an outsider because there was no one like me in the movies or television I watched or in the books I read and if there were they get killed or reduced down to a joke or prop for the main character. I didn’t know anyone else who was gay, let alone married and happy. I’m not the only one to feel like this. Author of the article, â€Å"The Girls Are Never Supposed to End Up Together,†Read MoreThe Reality Of The Lgbtq Community1404 Words   |  6 Pageshomonormative politics, which privileges some lesbian mothers as intelligible over others. At differing levels, the gender and motherhood ideals they contain ignore the diverse experiences of lesbian motherhood. They appear progressive at face value, even queer at times, yet, they ultimately up hold assimilationist politics and dodge the potential for queerness or advocacy. This is obscures and distorts the reality of the LGBTQ+ community and reaffirms the social boundaries which constrain lesbian parentsRead MoreQueer Representation Of All Age Media Essay2321 Words   |  10 Pages Queer Representation in All Age Media Growing up as a Catholic, Puerto Rican gay boy in the 90s and early 2000s, I struggled to discover my queer identity as well as queer representation in the media I consumed. Being gay was something that was never discussed. If it was brought up, it was usually in hushed tones (I remember being introduced to my uncle s close friend each holiday) or as something negative (I still remember the sting of being called a faggot in elementary school)Read MoreQueer Representation Of All Ages Media Essay2163 Words   |  9 PagesQueer Representation in All Ages Media Growing up as a Catholic, Puerto Rican gay boy in the 90s and early 2000s, I struggled to discover my queer identity as well as queer representation in the media I consumed. Being gay was something that was never discussed. If it was brought up, it was usually in hushed tones (I remember being introduced to my uncle s close friend each holiday) or as something negative (I still remember the sting of being called a faggot in elementary school)Read MoreAnalysis Of Queer 1988 Words   |  8 PagesIn the past decades, the word â€Å"queer† traversed many definitions, from a pejorative for gay to a self-affirming umbrella term. While the word â€Å"queer† is primarily associated with â€Å"non-normative† tendencies (Love 172), the word â€Å"uncanny†¦applies to everything that was intended to remain secret, hidden away, and has come into the open† (Freud 132). Upon closer inspection of the words, queer and uncanny, and Andrew Davenportâ€℠¢s popular children’s television show Teletubbies, we see that the TeletubbiesRead MoreFilm And Television : Stereotypes And Implications1513 Words   |  7 Pagesthe early 21st century, psychologists have still tried to argue that â€Å"most people are one way, some the other. A very few are truly ambidextrous† (Myers (2003) p.476). Bisexual representation in film and television is largely portrayed through common stereotypes and implications – when it is portrayed at all. In television, bisexuality is dismissed as the transitory stage between heterosexuality and homosexuality. In film, it is minimized to titillation for a male audience or as a trope for sexualRead MoreData Analysis. In This Chapter, I Compare And Contrast1718 Words   |  7 PagesData Analysis In this chapter, I compare and contrast representations of gender and motherhood in two pop culture sites—the film The Kids Are All Right, the television series The Fosters. My intention is to examine representations of gender and motherhood and uncover these discourses affect lesbian parents and lesbians more broadly. The following sections divide into individual discussions of each cultural text to reveal the cogs within each site. I then compare and contrast both texts to investigateRead MoreIn This Chapter, I Present How Two Pop Cultural Sites—The1713 Words   |  7 PagesIn this chapter, I present how two pop cultural sites—The film The Kids Are All Right, the television series The Fosters—represent butch motherhood. My intention is to expose the discourses in action to reveal how they operate and contain instruction that delivers as disciplinary performance. I divide the following sections into individual discussions of each cultural text to reveal the cogs within each site. I then compare and contrast both texts to investigate the tensions between both productionsRead MoreMoonlight Film Analysis1766 Words   |  8 PagesMoonlight (2016) a film directed by Barry Jenkins, is a film that has many intersections of identity present. The film follows its main character - Chiron - as he goes through three pivotal stages in his life. Theses stages are titled; Little, Chiron, and Black. Little follows the main character as a child, Chiron follows him as a teenager and Black follows him as a young man. The three chapters of the film demonstrate the way aspects of Chirons’ intersect with one another. These aspects also helpRead MoreThe Power Of Mass Media2392 Words   |  10 Pagesscene comes on the television with two gay men intimately approaching each other, about to have sex. For a minute, the girls are tensely sitting in silence, not speaking, but awkwardly staring at the television. As the scene turns to a commercial, th e girls begin to loosen up and start giggling. Blushing, Jessie interrupts the awkwardness, â€Å"Well you don’t really see that too much!† Scandal is just one of the recent shows featuring gay characters and themes. Slowly, television and motion picture

Viewpoints of the Great Carajas Project Free Essays

The main two types of people involved in the Great Carajas Project are the CVRD ( A company which owned mines) and the Garimperos. Garimperos are the illegal miners or free lance miners. They mine for gold and are forbidden to mine in the Carajas area. We will write a custom essay sample on Viewpoints of the Great Carajas Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Garimperos come from all over Brazil and usually mine for Gold. They are annoyed with the government because they feel that they have the right to mine in the area as well. If a Garimpero is caught mining where they shouldn’t be, security guards will hunt them down and confiscate their gold. In Serra Pelada 80,000 Garimperos invaded a Gold mine and took it over. They were extracting around $200 million annually but although they were making good money, they are damaging the environment and working in a very unsafe manor. They are using mercury to separate the gold and this mercury was then getting into rivers and contaminating/poisoning them and various food chains. They also burn the mercury which gave off toxic gas and the safety in the mining pits was appalling; there were regular rock falls and some miners are killed. In January 1986, Riot police were ordered into the mines to force the Garimperos out. A miner was killed by accident when a policeman intended to shoot a bullet in the air but shot too soon and killed the miner. Soon after, the mine was shut down but the company re-opened it and increased safety levels by using bulldozers. The CVRD were confident that they would make lots of money and they were very strict about the area; check posts were set up to ensure that only people involved with the mines/CVRD were allowed to enter and all cars were searched, only allowing people to enter who had a permit. The government were in control of the project and showed interest because of the investment being made. The project had an annual income of $700 million. The company are licensed to run the project, unlike the Garimperos. The companies are looked upon as being sufficient but inhumane and the Garimperos are seen as trying to fend for themselves but obliviously harming the environment and putting their own lives in danger. Local tribes who live in the forest called Amerindians are moved out of their settlements so that the CVRD can expand the mining areas. The CVRD destroy their living area and when the Amerindians next settle they are still weary of having to move again. In My opinion I think that both Garimperos and the CVRD should be allowed to mine there. They should compromise as to who gets what land so that everyone is happy. I think that if this did happen the Government would have to do some serious thinking into safety regulations and the damaging of the environment. How to cite Viewpoints of the Great Carajas Project, Papers

Text and Traditions Work Requirement One Historical Reconstruction Essay Example For Students

Text and Traditions: Work Requirement One Historical Reconstruction Essay Text and Traditions: Work Requirement One Historical ReconstructionMajor events in Jewish history to the first century AD1250 BC Fall of Jerusalem to the Romans. 931 BC Divided Kingdoms. 721 BC Fall of Samaria. We will write a custom essay on Text and Traditions: Work Requirement One Historical Reconstruction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 587 BC Fall of Jerusalem, Babylonian captivity. 333 BC Jews under Hellenistic rule. 63 BCJews under Roman rule. 70 ADFall of Jerusalem to the Romans. Major events between 50 BC 100 AD63 BC 40 BC Hyrcanus2 rules, but is subject to Rome. 41 BC 30 BC Antony Caesar Roman Emperor. 40 BC 37 BC Parathions conquer Jerusalem. 38 BC 4 BC Herod rules as king. Subject to Rome. 37 BCJerusalem besieged for 6 months. 32 BCHerod Defeated. 31 BC 14 AD Caesar Augustus Roman Emperor. 19 BCHerods Temple begun. 16 BCHerod visits Agrppa. 4 BCHerod dies; Archelaus succeeds. 37 AD 41 AD Caliguta Roman Emperor. 41 AD 54 AD Claudius Roman Emperor. 54 AD 68 AD Nero Roman Emperor. The first persecutor of Christians. 66 ADJews in Palestine tried to revolt. Were crushed byTitus. 69 AD 79 AD Vespasia Roman Emperor. He continued the persecution. 70 ADJewish temple destroyed. Small part of the wall leftstanding. 79 ADTitus Roman Emperor. Detailed analysis of major Jewish groups of the timePharisees The Pharisees were a group of Jews, that believed strongly against theadoption of Greek ways. They wanted to uphold and protect their fragile Jewishculture, from the Greek influence that was flooding into Israel at the time. They developed as haters of the tradition Greek ways, because of their customswere related to idolatry and immorality. They joined up with a group know as theHasmoneans and proceeded to conduct a rebellion against the Greek. After gainingreligious freedom, they then separated from their new partners, and formed thebreakaway party, known today as the Pharisees (meaning the separated). Theyhad extreme power in the synagogue, and eventually turned it into the center ofthe Jewish faith. This didnt last forever, as it was finally replaced by thetemple, erected by David. Saducees The Sadducees (Sons of Zadok) seemed to be a group of aristocraticpriestly families, that were powerful within the High Priesthood. They held amonopoly over all the High Priesthood positions and were also powerful in theSanhedrin. They came across as being a very selfish group that retained theirrights and traditions, and also trying to stay on the good side of the RomanEmpire. Unlike the Pharisees, they were rigid and closed in sect, and not opento change. When the Romans destroyed the temple, they disappeared and were neverheard from again. Zealots The Zealots were a group of radical extremists, that were the cause ofmany uprisings throughout their history, and eventually they lead a revoltagainst the Romans in 66-73 AD. To stop this, the Roman Emperor destroyed thethird temple, which lead to the end of the uprising. This not only lead to theirdownfall, but that of the Jews when they were crushed by Emperor Titus in 73 AD. Qumrans/Essenes They were an important Jewish group in the community around thetime of Jesus. Although it wasnt until 150 BC until they emerged, they livedtheir lives according to a strict set of beliefs and rules. To join the group athree year probationary period was imposed to new comers. Members were bound tokeep secret the doctrines and practices. Its is believed that John the Baptistwas and Essene, and had high connections to their community. The discovery ofthe Dead Sea Scrolls has shed a lot more light on the practices of the Essenes. These discoveries have proved that some Christian qualities and beliefs are anexact copy of that of the Qumrans/Essenes. Samaritans Samaritans originated from the area located between Judea and Galilee,when the Assyrian settlers intermarried with the Jews that lived there. Thepopulation created followed all the laws of Torah in their own special way, andconsidered themselves to be Jewish. The normal Jews did not accept this, asintermarriage between Jews and Gentiles was forbidden. Throughout the bible, ithas been documented that the Samaritans and the Jews were at each other throats,constantly. Analysis of major philosophical ideas of the timePlatonism Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher who taught in the periodbetween 427 and 347 BC. He reasoned that the senses cant be trusted, and thatone must use reason and maths, to solve problems and to guide oneself throughoutlife. Plato was a student of Socrates and throughout his works, he drew fromother Greek philosophies, although as time progressed, he developed an entirelydifferent philosophical form of thinking that became his own. Aristotelianism Aristotle was a Greek philosopher that was born nearly 400 yearBC. During his well documented life, he served as the tutor to Alexander theGreat and also wrote many papers on various topics such as Ethics, Physics andMetaphysics. Aristotle also developed theories on the human soul in relation togod. He represented it as a trinity of matter, being vegetable, animal and humanin nature, and proposed a non-abstract theory of form, where the initiator ofall existence is acknowledged as God. .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .postImageUrl , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:hover , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:visited , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:active { border:0!important; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:active , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Thomas Jefferson1 EssayEpicureanism Epicurus set up a school in Athens that taught ethics, based on hiswritings and opinions, in the Hellenistic world. He proposed that the pursuit ofhappiness should be mans greatest concern, rather than modeling his life on thepleasing of gods and of the deeds needed to be completed for one to have apleasurable afterlife. His philosophy was that the pleasure seeking of mankind,would not only provide fulfilment for ones own self, but also lead to theadvancement and development of society in general. Stoicism Stoicism was a famous school of Hellenistic thought. Its teachings werenot just philosophical, but could be used by everyday people, in everyday life. The main goal for the tradition was to attain happiness and liberation fromemotion, through the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom. We can draw manycomparisons between the Christian faith and that of Stoicism. We can also seethe influence that the tradition had on many of the late Christian theologians. Mystery Cults/Religions The mystery cults originated from many places in thefirst century AD. They developed to replace the Olympic pantheons that werebecoming implausible and unsatisfying. The followers of these cults worshiped avariety of gods or philosophies, each with their own set of obscure rules andrituals. Secrecy played a great part in these cults (hence the name mysteryreligions) as one could incur the death sentence by revealing the mysteriesthrough speech, dance, pantomime, or any other form of communication. Althoughone can debate the point of having these religions, it does prove that the humansoul requires some form of religious worship, mainstream or otherwise. Gnosticism The Gnostics were a group/sect that existed in the first half of the20th century, and were thought to lead Christians astray by teachingmanipulations of the Gospel. The mixed the ideas of the Christians with that ofthe Greeks, producing a religion that wanted release from the prison of thisworld. It draws on the Jewish monldthum, Babylonian anthology and Iranian Deulum,and believes that light and darkness are entwined in a constant battle of cosmicrealms. First Century Roman JudeaSummary of major New Testament Christian LeadersPeter Peter was one of the first, and major disciples. Peters original name wasthe Heb. Simon. His fathers name was Jonah. He worked as a fisherman at the twoplaces of which he took residence: Beth-saida and Capernaum in Galilee. At theseplaces he was in contact with the gentiles. He was probably effected by John theBaptists movement. He was often the spokesperson for all the of the followersand friends. Before Pentecost it was Peter who took the lead role of educatingthe people and preaching the word of the bible. The church had made a largeimpact on the community, but it was Peter that was seen to be the hero andleader. He also was the first apostle to be associated with the Gentiles. Atthat time in history this move was bound to draw him a lot of criticism. Despitethis criticism Peter with some support from his friends was able to make someprogress in the acceptance of other racial groups. After the death of Stephen,Peters whereabouts and activities became very scarce. At one stage he wasimprisoned at Jerusalem and then later escaped. It has been thought that hetravelled through many cities, taking many brief jobs and participating in somereligious eventsJames James was one of the sons of Zebedee. Was a fisherman when called tobecome one of the twelve apostles with his brother John. These two along withPeter formed the inner circle of the apostles. This inner group was present atmost of the major events and were widely respected for their dedication andsheer faith. James was good friends with Jesus and with his brother John, wereadeptly nicknamed Boanerges, that is, sons of thunder. It was these two againthat cause a stir when requesting Jesus for a place in the Holy ChristsKingdom. The two were not promised this privilege, they continued to believe andhave the faith that would, in theory, get them there anyway. John John was the other son of Zebedee. Was the brother James (the son ofZebedee). It is also possible that John was the cousin of Jesus on his mothersside. As with his Brother James, he was present at many very significant eventson the history of Christianity. He was also sent by Jesus to prepare the finalpass over meal. John was the one that was probably the closest to Jesus, he wastrusted with responsibilities that Jesus himself had given him. .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .postImageUrl , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:hover , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:visited , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:active { border:0!important; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:active , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Renaissance Italys Decline EssayJames, brother of Jesus James was Jesuss younger brother who, along with hisother siblings, refused to accept Jesuss claims of authority before hisresurrection. He along with some of his close friends were a group which failedto accept the power and authority of Jesus before the resurrection. The effectthe resurrection had on James was unmistakable. He became the leader of theJewish-Christian Church at Jerusalem. The tradition stated that he was placedthe first leader of the faith by the lord himself. He remained leader of theChurch, by himself, for some time. He was still the leader when Paul visitedJerusalem for the last time. After re ceiving a death by stoning, James was namedthe just for his Jewish piety. James is also said to have described himself asa servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ. Paul (Saul of Tarsis) Paul was born in Tarsus a Roman citizen. After a simplebeginning Paul was only effected by preaching of Jesus after he had contact withthe risen Christ. Paul then spent the next three years preaching in Damascus. After some pressure from the Jews of the area, Paul fled to Jerusalem where hemet up with Barnabas. Barnabas then introduced Paul to the leaders ofChristianity. His stay only lasted a brief two weeks because several Jews weretrying to kill him. Retreating for some ten years, Barnabas contacted Paul andencouraged him to rejoin the now flourishing Gentile mission. Paul and Barnabaswere sent on a mission to establish Christianity in the area surrounding Cyprusand the S Galatia. Despite several set backs and violent outbursts the missionwas very successful with new territories become adapt to the Christian ways. Asone would expect the relationship between the Gentiles and the newly turnedJewish community was one that was tested often. Differing beliefs lead to anumber of verbal and physical conflicts and Barnabas and Paul were called uponto resolve these. They used the help and guidance of their elders and fellowChristians to help with their decisions. Paul once again set off through par tsof Europe to convert people to Christianity. This time Barnabas did not travelwith him because of a rift in there relationship. Paul discovered new friendthat he took with him through Greece and the surrounding parts. He helped set upa large amount of new mission which set the standard for others to grow by. Thenext area to converted was the lands of Asia. This goal was quickly accomplishedby Paul. He was then returned to Greece to help secure the faith there. It wasin the years that followed that he wrote several telling letters. This letterswere to become a crucial part of the Christian faith in years to come. Judas Iscariot Judas was a member of the 12 disciples, and was the one whobetrayed Jesus, which ended in his crucifixion. The opportunity came about whenJudas turned Jesus to the authorities. After the event, guilt was beset uponthis traitor. Unable to over come this guilt, his life ended in suicide. Judasis widely remember for his treachery and betrayal of the other eleven apostles. He was thought of as a man who was touched by Satan and influenced into evilways. He was bribed and accepted money to do evil deeds. He claimed this moneywould be used for the poor.. Barnabas Barnabas was born into a Jewish-Cypriot family. He a member of theJerusalem church, and as he progressed he became very serious about religion. Healso had a significant effect on several matters. He introduced a converted Saulto the main apostles, which lead to Saul being accepted after originally beingcalled an impostor. It was Barnabas who stuck up for the gentiles when they werebeing condemned. Barnabas thought the movement to accept the Gentiles as equalswas an act ignited by God and therefor took the side of God. Being a key member,he took a journey with Paul from Cyprus, to Asia minor, which was taken with thegoal of setting up a group of successful Gentile churches. Barnabas was alsoplaced in front of the Jerusalem council with Paul. Barnabas importance to theissue is clearly shown by the mere fact that he is mentioned before Paul inaccounts of the proceedings. BibliographySetting the scene, Goosen Thomlinson Jesus; Mystery and Surprise (Sydney: EJDywer, 1989)Philosophies, Elwell (ed.) Evangelical Dictionary of Theology (Grand Rapids:Baker Bookhouse, 1990)The New Bible Dictionary (Wheaton: Tyndale House Publishers Inc, 1962)Logos Bible Software v2.0 (Oakharbour: Logos Research System)World Book EncyclopediaWorld Wide Web (Internet)

Industry analysis for IBM server market

Industry analysis for IBM server market Free Online Research Papers IBM, as one of the most important multinational information technology corporations in the world, plays a role of indicator in their industry. And their strategies implies the situation and direction of IT industry. In this report, the strategic analysis for the server product and relevant services in the UK market will be mentioned. In addition, this report contains three main parts: stakeholder analysis, external internal analysis and the strategic options. Stakeholder Analysis The IBM’s main stakeholders in the UK and their expectations and interests are as follows (More in Appendix 1) : Table 1 Stakeholder Expectations and interests Owners private/shareholders Profit, Performance, Direction Government Taxation, VAT, Legislation, Employment Rate Senior Management staff Performance, Targets Non-Managerial staff Rates of pay, Job security, Working environment and hours Trade Unions Working conditions, Minimum wage Customers (Distributor/Government) Quality, Customer Care, Price Creditors Credit score, new contracts, Liquidity Suppliers Long-term Contract, Stable Payment Local Community Jobs, Involvement, Environmental issues, Shares To achieve their expectations and interests, these stakeholders affect IBM’s strategy making from different perspectives. However, the power and the effect of these stakeholders are different based on their status. The stakeholder power/interest matrix below demonstrates the power differences of these stakeholders. (more in Appendix 1) Power/Interest Matrix Figure 1 Hence, the strategy making of IBM should consider whether the new strategy can satisfy these key stakeholders who have high power. For example, the government element in the â€Å"keep satisfied†, they have high power (legislation power) but low interest. Another example is the shareholders in â€Å"key players†, who have high interest in IBM and high power on affecting the strategic decision. To sum up, if the strategic decisions threaten the benefits of the key stakeholders, this strategy might be difficult to be achieved. External Analysis PEST Analysis Political factors Taxation. The heavy taxes in the UK make the IBM server products increase the weakness on the price factor, especially on the premium price IBM products. (More in Appendix 2) Economic factors GDP factor. The healthy economic environment with strong and stable GDP in the UK provides a good market for the product and service business of IBM. Although the GDP increase rate is not fast, the stability could balance this disadvantage element. GDP composition by sector: The service industry in the UK contributed nearly 73.4% to the GDP in 2006. That indicated that the high value added service market in the UK is matured, and the customer experience on the service would be higher or more difficult to be satisfied. Chart 1 (CIA, 2007), Disposable income. The average disposable income in the UK was  £11,811 per head in 2004, and it indicated the current and potential opportunity for the products and services of IBM. (More in Appendix 2) Socio cultural factors Population and the internet users. In 2006, the population in the UK was nearly 60,609,153, and according to CIA,(2007), more than half of these people (37.6 million in 2005) were internet users. The well known about the internet indicated the opportunities of relevant products and services. Technological factors Internet. A survey from CIA,(2007) shows that there were 6,064,860 Internet hosts in 2006, and more than 400 Internet Service Providers in 2000. In this sophisticated market, the opportunity and competition will exist together. 5 Forces Analysis The threat of entry The threat of entrants for the server market was low because of the enormous costs on the RD, relevant support products and services, manufacturing and the distribution. For example, IBM spent nearly $171 million in system and technology for server product in 2005, (Annual Report,2006) and IBM spent over $1 billion in the Linux operating system in 2001.(Shankland, 2002) This was only the barrier on the cost, there were other barriers like technique, distribution channels etc. Power of Suppliers Intel and AMD, as the two biggest processor providers (monopolies) in the world, have very strong power on the chip supplying. Although the power of suppliers might be decreased resulting from the competition between these two companies, the wide range of customers and high costs on switching cause the buyers lack of power to bargain with these two giants. However, the power of suppliers for other low technical required material and parts was much lower than the core hardware providers. Power of buyers The power of buyers for the server products in the UK was high because the buyer did not concentrate to the firm and the switching costs for the buyers were low. There were many product choices for the buyers, e.g. IBM, HP, Dell etc. Competitive Rivalry By 2003, The UK server market continues to show promising signs, according to IDC,(2003), the competitive rivalry in the server market was becoming intense in the UK. These competitors included HP, IBM, Sun Microsystems, Dell and Fujitsu Siemens Computers were becoming the fifth leading server vendor in the U.K. Chart 2 Top five server vendors in the UK Source: IDC,(2003) The threat of substitutes The web hosting business might be the biggest threat of substitute for the server products in the UK. The advantages of web hosting include low cost, tech-support, easy to manage and low switching costs. In addition, the advanced personal computer might be another biggest threat to the server product. However, currently, the PC can not instead of professional server for the business uses. Internal Analysis Value Chain Analysis Figure 2 Value Chain Firm infrastructure: Supply-Chain Management in IBM.. Supply chains of IBM are becoming more complex, harder to manage and more costly to run. In fact, nearly $3.4 trillion was spent on supply chains in 2005. To address this, IBM is creating a supply-chain management business transformation outsourcing practice. The Supply chain management (SCM) solutions can help IBM to improve costs and customer service, while decreasing overall supply chain inventory. (IBM, 2006) Business Performance Management (BPM). According to 10-k,(2006), IBM enables companies to visualize end-to-end processes across business and IT systems, analyze execution in real time against goals, and make adjustments as needed. For instance, IBM offers consulting, services and middleware to simulate and monitor business processes, and provides clients with real-time analysis of the underlying IT systems carrying out those processes. HRM: To eliminating redundancies and overhead structures to drive productivity, this integration improves IBMs capacity to innovate by providing greater clarity of key priorities around shared goals and objectives and leads to a sharper focus for the company on learning, development and knowledge sharing. (10-k,2006) Otherwise, IBM acquired numbers of companies to enhance their capability. However the integration issues could appear during the acquisition process that would be the challenge of the HRM, e.g. the culture conflict. (10-k, 2006) Technology development: IBMs research and development (RD) operations differentiate IBM from its competitors. IBM annually spends approximately $5–$6 billion for RD, including capitalized software costs, focusing its investments in high-growth opportunities.(10-k,2006) Procurement: SCM outsourcing. IBM has developed Business Partner relationships with established, best-of-breed Supply Chain Management solution providers. Their solutions, coupled with IBM products and services, deliver the cost-competitive, scalable and secure infrastructure the customers need. (IBM, 2006) Acquisitions and mergers. In order to improve their businesses on the high value products and services, IBM acquired service-related companies into the global services segment, (e.g. Network Solutions). And the software-related companies that were integrated into the software segment. (Annual Report, 2006 ) Inbound Out bound Logistics and Operations: IBMs supply, manufacturing and logistics and customer fulfillment operations are integrated in one operating unit that has reduced inventories, improved response to marketplace opportunities and external risks and converted fixed to variable costs. (10-k,2006) Marketing and sales: In 2005, the company realigned its operations and organizational structure in Europe to give sales and delivery teams greater authority, accountability and flexibility to make decisions and to execute more effectively on behalf of our clients. (10-k,2006) Services: IBM Provides technology and transformation services to clients businesses, and invests to improve the ability to help their clients innovate. (10-k,2006) And this is the high value added and profitable process. (More in Appendix 3) Value System Analysis The value system of IBM is as follows: Figure 3 In this value network of server products, the processor and the software providers have higher profit pool than other suppliers. Furthermore for the distributors, the retailers have the high profit pool. Therefore, the profit space of server products for IBM is not wide enough. Value drivers: Channels Value Drivers Wholesalers: Price, choice, quality, logistics Retailers: Price, service, guarantee Business orders: Price, service, guarantee Table 3 The table above shows the main distributors of IBM and their value drivers. Because of high buyer power, satisfying their distributors is required for IBM. SWOT The SWOT model can be summarized from the external and internal analysis. Strengths: ? Advanced business performance management ? Good organization culture ? Strategic outsourcing, mergers and acquisitions ? High efficient fulfillment center ? Flexible marketing management ? Creative services Weaknesses: ? High costs in the value chain ? Possible acquisition issues Opportunities: ? Strong and stable economic market context. ? Sophisticated service market ? High individual consumption power ? Matured internet market ? High level of entry barrier to the server market Threats: ? Customers have high experience on the service ? Customers have low switching costs ? IBM has high switching costs on the core hardware ? Intense competition ? High threat of substitutes Strategies According to 10-K, (2006), the main strategy in the UK is that IBM delivers their high value added services (or software) to customers through their server product. And it can be divided into 4 pieces as follows: 1) Reallocating resources to enhance their server product business and reduce operation costs and optimize the efficiency. 2) To pursue an innovation agenda with its clients, partners and in other relationships, and to continue refining its portfolio to achieve higher value. 3) Acquiring businesses that contribute strategically to its portfolio 4) To maintain its leadership of this rapidly changing business by focusing on high-value innovation-based solutions and services while consistently generating high returns on invested capital for its shareholders. (10-K, 2006) (More in Appendix 4) Evaluations Acceptability :Stakeholder Analysis According to the expectations of the stakeholders and the power/interest map analysis mentioned above, the strategy can be accepted and supported by key players because their expectations can be satisfied by the current strategies, e.g. profit. Although that is difficult to be supported or accepted by the non-managerial employees who have high influence power but low interest on the strategy resulting from the culture conflict and management issues could appear after the acquisition, they are not the mainstream. To sum up, the new strategies are acceptable but IBM should consider carefully about their strategy for acquisition, because that threaten the interests of a small group of stakeholders who have high influence power. Suitability analysis: Lifecycle Analysis The server product is in the growing period in the UK market. (See the figure below). According to the environment analysis above, there are many opportunities on the server product or relevant services in the UK. IBM is one of the main server providers, furthermore the current strategy of IBM is focusing on server products and relevant high value added services (and software).. Therefore, these strategies are suitable to IBM. Figure 4 Lifecycle of server products in the UK Suitability: value chain analysis IBM attempts to use the strategic acquisition and reallocation to add more value in their value chain and optimize their internal system. These two strategic decisions can help IBM obtain competitive advantages on the profit and system synergy. Therefore, the strategies are suitable. . (More in Appendix 5) Feasibility: Resource deployment IBM can utilize their strengths on the finance and brand to acquire the organizations or outsource if it is required. Hence, there is no gap between IBM’s strategies and the requirement of resource coupled with competences. The current strategies are feasible for IBM. To sum up, according to the evaluation above, the current strategies of IBM are acceptable, suitable and feasible. Conclusion References Book: Johnson, G. (2005), Exploring corporate strategy, 7th ed., Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Internet: Alliance@IBM (2007), Statement of Principles, [online], Available from:allianceibm.org/, [Accessed on: 05/03/2007] Annual Report,(2006), 2005 IBM Annual Report, [online] Available from: ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/annualreport/2005/2005_ibm_annual.pdf [Accessed 12 Mar 2007] CIA,(2007),United Kingdom, [online] Available from: https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/uk.html [Accessed 18 Feb 2007] EHS,(2006), The Annual Real and Nominal GDP for the United Kingdom,[online]Available from: http://eh.net/hmit/ukgdp/ukgdp_answer.php [Accessed 18 Feb 2007] Gartner,(2006), IBM gains share as server market picks up,[online] Available from: http://news.zdnet.co.uk/hardware/0,1000000091,39270920,00.htm [Accessed 18 Feb 2007] IBM,(2005), Unleashing a better supply chain,[online] Available from: ibm.com/news/us/en/2005/06/2005_06_24.html [Accessed 18 Feb 2007] IBM,(2005), Scoring high on the supply chain maturity model[online] Available from: http://www-935.ibm.com/services/us/imc/pdf/g510-6219-follow-the-leaders.pdf [Accessed 12 Mar 2007] IBM,(2006),Supply Chain Management,[online] Available from: http://www-304.ibm.com/jct03004c/businesscenter/smb/us/en/SCM/nav_id/solutionareas?ca=qapromo-s0smb-b0sol-l0-d0smbna-n029-o0-g0usen-t0SVHL0re=smbsolscmsspot [Accessed 18 Feb 2007] IBM Annual Report (2006), Report of Financial, [online], Available from: ibm.com/annualreport/, [Accessed on: 20/03/2007] IBM, (2007), Partner Relationship, [online], Available from: ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/company/relationships/business-partners.shtml, [Accessed on: 05/03/2007] IBM Employees Relationship, (2007), Employees, [online], Available from: ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/company/relationships/employees.shtml, [Accessed on: 21/03/2007] IBM Governments Relationship, (2007), Center for the Business of Government, [online], Available from: ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/company/relationships/governments.shtml, [Accessed on: 05/03/2007] IBM Investors Relationship, (2007), Investors, [online] Available from: ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/company/relationships/investors.shtml, [Accessed on: 20/03/2007] IBM Relationships, (2007), Suppliers, [online], Available from: ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/company/relationships/suppliers.shtml, [Accessed on: 05/03/2007] IBM University Relationship, (2007), Universities, [online], Available from: ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/company/relationships/universities.shtml, [Accessed on: 05/03/2007] IDC,(2003), UK server market looks promising,[online] Available from: informationage.com/article/2003/october/uk_server_market_looks_promising [Accessed 12 Mar 2007] Kessler,J.QC,(2005), Taxation of Foreign Domiciliaries,[online] Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom#_note-intro [Accessed 18 Feb 2007] Palmisano,S.J.(2006), IBM 2005 Annual Report,[online] Available from: ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/annualreport/2005/2005_ibm_annual.pdf [Accessed 18 Feb 2007] Porter, M.F. (1979) How competitive forces shape strategy, [online] Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_5_forces_analysis [Accessed 18 Feb 2007] Shankland, S.,(2002), IBM: Linux investment nearly recouped,[online] Available from: http://news.com.com/2100-1001-825723.html [Accessed 12 Mar 2007] Statistics, (2006), Regional household income, [online]Available from: statistics.gov.uk/articles/economic_trends/ET633RegionalHouseholdIncome.pdf [Accessed 6 Mar 2007] Source ESB, (2007), IBM Distributors, [online], Available from: sourceesb.com/Distributors/IBM.asp, [Accessed on: 01/03/2007] Sourcewire,(2004),Press Release: Tatung to challenge UK server market?[online] Available from: e-consultancy.com/news-blog/284667/tatung-to-challenge-uk-server-market.html?keywords=dell+server [Accessed 18 Feb 2007] Wikipedia,(2007), Corporation tax,[online] Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom#_note-intro [Accessed 18 Feb 2007] XKO, (2006), IBM Business Partner, [online], Available from: xko.co.uk/partners/ibm, [Accessed on: 01/03/2007] 10-K,(2006),IBM,[online] Available from: ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/annualreport/2005/2005_ibm_sec10k.pdf [Accessed 18 Feb 2007] Appendix 1 Stakeholder Analysis According to Johnson, G. (2005), stakeholders are those individuals or groups who depend on the organisation to fulfil their own goals and on whom, in turn, the organisation depends. The key stakeholders of IBM are as shown in Figure 1. Key shareholders of IBM Figure 1. Stakeholders of IBM From ‘Market’ Environment Suppliers: IBM perceives diverse suppliers are good for business, spent nearly $ 2 billion with them. It is committed to increasing diversity in its supply chain (IBM Relationships, 2007). Many suppliers from Span, Taiwan, Portage, Russia, Roman and so on. The main suppliers are Intel and AMD. Competitors: Hewlett Pachard, Freecom, Fujitsu Siemens, ASUS, Supermicro, Avocent Cyclades Many competitors are HP, Dell and Sun Microsystems (Gartner, 2006). Customers: Business (Distributors as shown in distributors) Government: The IBM Center for the Business of Government was created in 1998 and is dedicated to stimulating research and facilitating discussion of new approaches to improving the effectiveness of government at all levels in the United States and across the world. Since its creation, the Center has awarded nearly 200 research stipends to leading public management researchers in the academic and nonprofit communities. (IBM Governments Relationship, 2007). Universities: IBM today is involved with many aspects of higher education, seeking to better the education of students and the work of faculty (IBM University Relationship, 2007). Individual: They will be the growing market of server in following year. Therefore, they are the potential customers of IBM. Employees The employees are separate into two types as follows: Senior Managers Non-managerial staff As a flagship for the Information Age, IBM has long understood that it is the skill, knowledge and experience of IBMers - their expertise, in other words - that differentiates this company most from others. Employees understand that, too, and their passion for the company and its future is one of the distinguishing traits of being an IBMer (IBM Employees Relationship, 2007). IBM has many ways to encourage employees, for example: Online Jams Internal Appeals Global Pulse Survey Workforce Research Distributors: According to Source ESB, (2007), they are: American Design Components Atlantic Semiconductor Computer Supplies Unlimited Jan-Tronics Div. of Janco Technology Midcom Data Technologies Synnex Aztec Components Carlin Systems IBN Electronics U.S. Microtech Inc. Partners: IBM has number of strategic alliances and partners, with the growing sense of competition the company keeps the strategy to compete and cooperate at the same time. IBM sold its PC division to Lenovo, which is the third largest PC supplier in the world. (IBM,2007) IBM Business partners are able to deliver the hardware and middleware that you need to create a secure and reliable IT infrastructure for your organisation. XKO is a member of the IBM worldwide network of skilled resellers and authorised integrators. It offers pre-sales services that ensure you choose the right IBM technology for your requirements before buying, deploying and maintaining your IT infrastructure (XKO, 2006). Sapien International is a premier IBM partner for software and developers programme. (IBM, 2007) Besides those IBM possess strategic alliance programme with Novell and Red Hat, Oracle, SAP and Siebel systems (IBM, 2007). Investors Shareholders: According to the IBM Annual Report (2006), there are more than thousands of shareholders. A share of IBM stock is among the worlds most widely held equities. Stock has traded on the New York Stock Exchange for nearly a century. Furthermore, shareholders been provided quarterly financial result and they have a say on cumulative voting, pension, retirement, medical, offsharing and other voting issues. Furthermore, the annual meeting of stockholders is usually held the last Tuesday in April. IBM regularly holds its meetings in a different city each year so that investors from different parts of the country may have an opportunity to attend. (IBM Investors Relationship, 2007) From ‘Social/Political’ Environment Trade Union: Alliance@IBM, which has the important say in the company issues like pension legislation, loss of jobs to off-shoring, promises to retirees, health care affordability and labour law reform (Alliance@IBM, 2007). Government: To UK server market, government will be separate into two parts- local and foreign governments. Local government- UK, Foreign governments can influence suppliers more and the inbound logistics of IBM. In ‘Technological’ Environment: Owner of Competitive Technologies: Intel Microsoft These key stakeholders have different roles, expectation and interest in IBM. These different expectations will increase the conflicts. For example: there are so many shareholders and they have huge power of voting. Therefore, they have a big power in IBM. However, the main expectations of them are profit. If IBM wants to keep the shareholders happy, it needs to reduce cost. However, this will conflict with the expectation of employees- working environment, good payment and so on. These expectations means IBM should increase the cost. Therefore, in some degree, the expectations of different stakeholders will increase the conflicts. Furthermore, different power of the stakeholders will also influence the strategy of IBM. According the shareholder mapping, the issues are as follows: Almost of the key players are acceptable and supportable. As customers, government is positive to the strategy. When government as a whole, it has high power, low interest and neutral attitude. However, when unions and non-managerial employees make lobbing, government may become more interested in it. The attitude of the government also may be changed by lobby. The lobbing may be about reducing work force. Appendix 2 Political factors The value added tax (VAT), charged at the standard rate of 17.5% on supplies of goods and services.(Kessler, 2005) Otherwise, corporation tax (main rate is 30%) will reduce the profit of IBM, this tax charged on the profits and chargeable gains of companies. The main rate is 30%, which is levied on taxable income above  £1.5m. (Wikipedia, 2007) (Statistics, 2006) GDP (official exchange rate): $2.341 trillion (2006 est.) CIA,(2007), GDP real growth rate: 2.7% (2006 est.) CIA,(2007), Economic factors Labor force by occupation. The labor force occupied about 79.5% in the service industry in 2004, Labor force: 30.4 million (2006 est.) : agriculture: 1.5% industry: 19.1% services: 79.5% (2004) CIA,(2007), Table 2 Year GDP at current market prices (millions of pounds) 2000 953,227 2001 996,987 2002 1,048,767 2003 1,110,296 2004 1,176,527 2005 1,224,715 (EHS, 2006) Appendix 3 Revenues from Global Services in 2005 totaled $47.4 billion, an increase of 2 percent. Our backlog is estimated at $111 billion, the same as a year ago. (Palmisano, 2006), Supply Chain: Company supply chains – sequences of business activities that join together the production of goods and services, from procurement to manufacturing and distribution are becoming more complex, harder to manage and more costly to run. In fact, some $3.4 trillion will be spent on supply chains this year(2005). To address this, IBM is creating a supply-chain management business transformation outsourcing practice. This new practice draws on the success of IBMs own internal supply-chain transformation, as well as the expertise of the worlds largest supply-chain consulting practice. (IBM, 2005) The following three company-wide organizations play key roles in IBMs delivery of value to its clients: Sales Distribution Organization and related sales channels Research, Development and Intellectual Property Integrated Supply Chain (10-k,2006) Just as IBM works to transform its clients supply chains for greater efficiency and responsiveness to market conditions, the company continues to see business value as it establishes its globally integrated supply chain as an on demand business, transforming this function into a strategic advantage for the company (10-k,2006) IBM spends approximately $38 billion annually through its supply chain, procuring materials and services around the world. (10-k,2006) Firm infrastructure: With a comprehensive knowledge of IBMs business and infrastructure solutions, as well as the products, technologies and services IBM and its Business Partners offer, the companys global client teams gain a deep understanding of each clients organizational, infrastructure and industry-specific needs to determine the best approach for addressing their critical business and IT challenges. These professionals work in integrated teams with IBM consultants and technology representatives, combining their deep skills and expertise to deliver high-value solutions that address clients pain points and innovational aspirations. (10-k,2006) The broad adoption of open standards is essential to the computing model for on demand business and is a significant driver of collaborative innovation across all industries. (10-k,2006) Technology development: Some of IBMs technological breakthroughs are used exclusively in IBM products, while others are used by the companys licensees for their products when that new technology is not strategic to IBMs business goals. (10-k,2006) Procurement: Leveraging this experience, in June 2005, IBM launched its supply-chain business transformation outsourcing service to optimize and help run clients end-to-end supply chain processes, from procurement to logistics. (10-k,2006) Operations: The companys supply, manufacturing and logistics and customer fulfillment operations are integrated in one operating unit that has reduced inventories, improved response to marketplace opportunities and external risks and converted fixed to variable costs. (10-k,2006) Simplifying and streamlining internal processes has improved operations and sales force productivity and processes and thereby the experiences of the companys clients when working with IBM. (10-k,2006) to its own manufacturing operations, the company uses a number of contract manufacturing (CM) companies around the world to manufacture IBM-designed products. The use of CM companies is intended to generate cost efficiencies and reduce time-to-market for certain IBM products. (10-k,2006) IBM believes its business as a whole is not materially dependent on any particular patent or license, or any particular group of patents or licenses. IBM owns or is licensed under a number of patents, which vary in duration, relating to its products. (10-k,2006) Outbound Logistics: Improved delivery and outcomes for its clients. (10-k,2006) Leveraging this experience, in June 2005, IBM launched its supply-chain business transformation outsourcing service to optimize and help run clients end-to-end supply chain processes, from procurement to logistics. (10-k,2006) The company offers its products directly and through a variety of third party distributors and resellers. Changes in the financial or business condition of these distributors and resellers could subject the company to losses and affect its ability to bring its products to market. (10-k,2006) Marketing and sales: Remarketing. The sale and lease of used equipment (primarily sourced from the conclusion of lease transactions) to new or existing clients. (Revenue reported as Global Financing.) (10-k,2006) Retail Store Solutions. Point-of-sale retail checkout systems, software and solutions. (10-k,2006) In addition, the group provides leading semiconductor technology and products, packaging solutions and engineering technology services to clients and for IBM’s own advanced technology needs. (10-k,2006) Services: IBM invests to improve its ability to help its clients innovate. (10-k,2006) Providing technology and transformation services to clients businesses. (10-k,2006) Client financing. Lease and loan financing to external and internal clients for terms generally between two and seven years. (Revenue reported as Global Financing.) (10-k,2006) BUSINESS TRANSFORMATION OUTSOURCING (BTO). Delivers improved business results to clients through the continual strategic change and the operation and transformation of the client’s business processes, applications and infrastructure. (10-k,2006) ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY SERVICES (ETS). System and component design services, strategic outsourcing of clients’ design teams, and technology and manufacturing consulting services. (Revenue reported as Hardware segment.) (10-k,2006) BUSINESS CONSULTING SERVICES (BCS). Delivery of value to clients through consulting services for client relationship management, financial management, human capital, business strategy and change, and supply-chain management, as well as application innovation and the transformation of business processes and operations. (10-k,2006) CENTER FOR BUSINESS OPTIMIZATION (CBO). Helps clients continually optimize their business performance by drawing upon massive amounts of real-time data, advanced analytical methods, business expertise and deep computing power. (10-k,2006) Appendix 4 Strategy map: IBM is shifting from low value added hardware leader to the high value added service leader and the premium leader to the cost leader. Appendix 5 Suitability:Profit Impact Market Strategy Revenue: 2006 2005 2004 $ m $ m $ m Global services 48,247 47,407 46,283 Hardware 22,499 24,343 31,193 Software 18,204 16,830 16,141 Global financing 2,379 2,407 2,608 Others 94 147 68 Total Revenue 91,424 91,134 96,293 Cost: 2006 2005 2004 $ m $ m $ m Global services 34,972 35,093 35,078 Hardware 14,175 15,803 22,008 Software 2,693 2,534 2,489 Global financing 1,182 1,091 1,046 Others 107 81 103 Total cost 53,129 54,602 60,724 $ m $ m $ m Gross Profit 38,295 36,532 35,569 IBM core strategy revolves around building a competitive edge which is based on their value added service, apparently they had been out from the PC market but strategically they have added a value in it by selling it to Lenovo and making it key element in IBM’s network of alliances rather than an element in the IBM portfolio. At the same time they having a policy of compete and cooperate with their competitors to address the value drivers to the customers, they understand the business is global, fast moving and unpredictable so they have to be very proactive in their approach. IBM has phenomenal reduced in overall cost of every business sector, which in fact contributing towards increased gross profit. The credit should be given to their effective and efficient way of managing supply and value chain, they have a gross profit rise of more than US $ 3,000 m and US $ 2,000 m in the year 2006 as it was in 2005 and 2004 respectively. There is also a rise in market share of IBM because of their considerable earnings per share of common stock which increased by US $ 2.77 in 2006. IBM’s subtle strategy has positive and profound impact on the overall financial health of the company, which is proved by the statistical data provided from the annual financial report 2006. Positioning analysis: Strategy Clock As shown in the strategy clock, IBM server now is in good price and value and it aims at good price and high value position. IBM also wants to get competitive advantage from this positioning. What is more, using high services to add value can help IBM to increase the brand image- which is hard to be copies. Portfolio Analysis: Portfolio Matrix IBM used to focus on the PC business. However, to conduct its strategy effectively, it sold PC business several years ago. As shown in Portfolio Matrix, server is just a small business to IBM at that time and in the ‘Question Mark’ of the Matrix. And now, it becomes the ‘Star’, where IBM invests a lot of money in. The money needed of the investment is generated from ‘Cash Cow’- the services of IBM. Service sector occupies huge amount of the total revenue of IBM. IBM tries to use this strategy balancing the ‘Cash Cow’ and ‘Star’ and also to be a stronger player in server market. Risk Analysis As mentioned in the Portfolio analysis, the invest will be supported by the money generated from service sector- Cash Cow. Research Papers on Industry analysis for IBM server marketPETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperDefinition of Export QuotasResearch Process Part OneTwilight of the UAWMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

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Au Cas Oà ¹ - French Expression Explained The French expression Au cas oà ¹ (pronounced [o ka oo], note that there is no liaison between cas and oà ¹) literally translates  to in the case where Explanation and Examples The French expression au cas oà ¹ is exactly equivalent to (just) in case in English. You can use it in front of a subject plus verb in the conditional, in which case its register is normal to formal. The more interesting - and informal - usage is when its tacked on to the end of a sentence. If you dont already use au cas oà ¹ regularly, you soon will.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Au cas oà ¹ il rentrerait avant nous, je vais lui laisser un mot.  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Just) in case he gets home before us, Im going to leave him a note.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Apporte un parapluie, au cas oà ¹ il pleuvrait.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bring an umbrella, (just) in case it rains.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Apporte un blouson, au cas oà ¹.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bring a jacket, just in case. Synonymous Expressions For au cas oà ¹ conditional: dans le cas oà ¹des fois quepour le cas oà ¹ For the informal au cas oà ¹ at the end of a sentence: tout hasardpour le cas oà ¹

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Health care operations management roles and goals - Essay Example Controlling is the function that monitors the progress towards the goals and taking the necessary corrective action, should the progress be unsatisfactory (Langabeer, 2007). Managers in health care operations thus have to play several roles. These roles can be classified as the informational roles, the decisional roles, and the interpersonal roles. The informational role consists of collecting, monitoring and disseminating information that is garnered from internal as well as external sources relevant to the efficient functioning of the organization. The decision roles consist of making critical decisions in the organization. These decisions include the appropriate allocation of resources of the organization either in manpower, finance or materials to the disparate units in the organization. Rewarding employees for good performance and punishing employees for poor performance, and negotiating between employees and others in the organization. The inter personal role involves training and motivating employees, serving s their spokesperson, facilitating communication and the exchange of information between the various units and professional present in a he althcare organization, and acting as a liaison between these units and professionals (Langabeer, 2007). Operations managers thus play several roles in an organization. However, it must be remembered that a health care organization differs from other organizations. Within a health care organization service is provided by personnel, who are extremely specialized in their tasks, governed by a set of professional principals and values. In other words for achieving the quality and service objectives of the organization disparate specialized professionals need to work as a team to meeting these objectives. Furthermore there is call for highly specialized equipment and devices in the delivery of

Historical Development f Public Administration

Historical Development f Public Administration Since at least the 1970s, public administration has been characterized by an intellectual identity crisis, the various dimensions of which can be most compactly summarized as the legitimacy problem. Drawing from specific authors and schools of thought, outline the major dimensions of the legitimacy problem in public administration and describe the ways in which scholars and reformers have diagnosed and attempted to resolve this problem. Next, explain why the legitimacy problem matters. What is at stake? In considering this aspect of the question, you should think about how the issues presented via the legitimacy question affect the everyday practice of democratic government and the identity of public administration as a field of study. The debate over public administration identity and its legitimacy problem have been the focus for many years, and very likely to continue in foreseeable future. Previous scholars in public administration have examined this issue through a variety of approaches and perspectives. More specifically, the framing of the legitimacy issue and identity crisis in the discipline are all subjected to different scholars own focus and perception about the world. Perhaps the origin of the problem can be dated back to the establishment of US nation, when Founding Fathers drafted the constitution and design three branches of government with check and balance mechanism, they left out public administration, which others might considered that public administration is not a democratic production due to its hieratical structure, and therefore, does not have a legitimate place in government. In general, we can summarize these debates into following aspects: the accountability aspect, constitutional aspect , role of government aspect, and method of public administration employ to approach both academic study and practical matters. These issues affect how we conceptualize the practice of public administration as well as the conduct of research inquiry in the field. Historical development of public administration (accountability aspect) The earliest scholars who mention the identity of public administration are Wodrow Wilson and Goodnow, which also raise the issue of politic-administration dichotomy. During the early period of 20th century, the government system is considered to be corrupted with patronages. Therefore, Wilson argued that there should be a distinct separation between politics and administration, and Goodnow further conclude that politics is the representation of peoples will and administration is the execution of that will. They envision a bureaucratic system with hieratical structure and formal rules and regulations, and expert administrators will act faithfully according to the political system. This notion give rise to the debate between Friedrik and Finer, where on one hand, Finer believes in strict regulation that guard against administrators abuse the power and administrators should only focus on the technical issues, while Friedrik was arguing administrators are experts and should actively eng age in policymaking process. In addition, such dichotomy between politics and administration also revisited by scholars Dwight Waldo and Herbert Simon. Waldo in his Administrative State, points out that the dichotomy is between facts and values, which is impossible and should not be separate in government, since public administration deals with peoples perception toward the state, and the study as well as practice of it should be guided by different normative values. Simon on the other hand, in Administrative Behavior, arguing while there is close relation between politics and administration, the purpose of public administration should focus on the most efficient way to carry out those values. Empirical aspects of legitimacy problem (Role of the government aspect) There are multiple aspects revolving legitimacy problem, from empirical and practical aspect, Nye et al in their book government and its discontented perform empirical test and found that US public has low trust in government and perceive it as inefficient and ineffective which poses the legitimacy problem for the government. Such negative perception toward government, according to David Harvey is stem from neoliberalism, especially against Keynes approach to expend the government during Roosevelt administration. Essentially, the debate over the role of government, or the tension between neoliberalism and Keynes approach, is about the identity of public administration. In other words, neoliberalism considers administrators as hindrance while Keynes supporter see positive value in them. This also introduced the era of New Public Management (NPM) reform. According to scholars Lynn and Kettl, NPM advocates for emphasis on efficiency and accountability to customers, and the market approach which include privatization of services, contract out government service to private and non-profit sectors. However, recent scholars like Stivers, King et al, Denhardt, Fung, Nabatchi, and Lucio, they see weakness in empathizing rolling back or hollowing out the state, and highlight the importance of people trust and connection with others, which government should play active role. (Constitution aspect) Another point of attention in legitimacy problem resides in the constitution, or federalist and anti-federalist debate. Constitution did not directly mention the creation of an administrative system but focus on separation of power, which produced the ambiguities of whether public administration is legitimate or not. Scholar Spicer believe the reason is because constitution regards people as not always rational and must rely on formal rules and structure, and government establishes its legitimacy through a federalist view. However, other scholars have different perspectives than Spicers. For example, McSwite argues that the creation of constitution is a compromise act, a conflict between the social elites that want to ensure their interests and lower members of society, in which the elites successfully create a centralized government that serve the interest of few. Therefore, McSwite was champion a more direct form of democracy system that can alleviate the legi timacy problem. On the other hand, scholar Rohr disagree with McSwites position and believes that constitution was actually intended for public administration to exist because constitution limits the legislature branchs ability to fully represent peoples will. In other words, Rohr suggest that the legitimacy problem occurs due to different interpretation of constitution, and the solution to government legitimacy problem is public administration since administrators are closer to the people compare to congress. Major schools of thoughts and scholars (method aspect) It is not surprising that same constitution could have several different meaning for different scholar, which correspond to scholar David Farmers argument that social reality is different for different groups because each scholars understanding and approach the field is limited by their own experience and knowledge. Coming from a post-modernist perspective, Farmer suggests that the study of public administration should approach through examining the characteristics underlying in current society. In other words, Farmers solution to the public administration identity crisis is to examine the reality through different perspective, which allows for a better understanding of reality. In particular, he points out the limitation of contemporary methods in the practice of public administration which include emphasis on scientific reasoning in the discipline and market-ism in practice. On one hand, scientific reasoning overlooks values and ethic dimension. On the other, market approach practi ce contradicts with governments goal of improving public wellness. Fundamentally, post-modernist perspective caution that reasons and rationality might hinder our understanding of the reality. Similar to Farmers post-modernist perspective, Stivers approach this science and enterprise method in public administration through feminism perspective. Stivers points out that current foundation for public administration was established on gender differences, where masculine attributes like science and rationality overcome the common attributes like trust and caring which considered to be feminine. In addition, Stivers believes that the legitimacy crisis is rooted in the nature of public administration, in which she argues that it is essentially about public trust and connection with each other, the attributes considered to be feminine. Yet public administration legitimacy was established through masculinity, therefore, which caused the decrease of interest in social wellness and seeks effic iency of individual interest. According to Stivers, the end result of that conflict leads to the legitimacy problem, therefore, Stivers believe the solution to the problem is that administrators should focus on improving the relationship and connection between individual among society, and enhance peoples notion of the public. Similarly, Stiverss notion corresponds to Waldos previous suggestion. Waldo strongly disagree with public administration as a value-neutral discipline that apply scientific method to pursuit efficiency, he argues that efficiency is essentially a value also, and to emphasize on efficiency along will sacrifices other normative values. The famous example Waldo use is that Germanys approach during World War II of ethnic cleansing is extremely efficient. Recent scholars like Denhardts also argue another weakness in scientific inquiry into public administration study is the risk that disregard as irrational in peoples behaviors that are not driven by rationality or self-interest. To summarize the method aspect of legitimacy problem, for practitioners, the identity crisis resides in their perception toward different governance approaches: in traditional governance, the method is command and control; in market governance, the method is self-interest; and in collaboration governance, the method is trust and negotiation. How administrators identify which approach should take depend on their beliefs and perception. On the other hand, the methodological aspect of identity crisis in the academic study of public administration revolving around whether public administration is an art that surround with different values and perspectives; or a science that focus on analyzing facts. Scholar Raaschelders propose his solution to identity crisis by acknowledging there are advantages in each of inquiry methods, and the solution to this problem is to put this debate aside and move on. Why legitimacy problem important? Legitimacy issue is a critical challenge facing public administration for both government and academic discipline. Not surprisingly, scholars who participated in the debate over identity crisis all have their own argument why legitimacy issue is a serious problem. For example, scholar Rohr points out that if administration was seen as illegitimate to the people, this will lead to social unrest. Also, Ostrom, in the book intellectual crisis in public administration mentioned that the incidents like Watergate could be attributed to the crisis of legitimacy. Aside from previous scholars concerns, in my opinion, for academic scholars studying in the field of public administration, if we fail to reach consensus on what is public administration and what elements constitute a legitimate knowledge inquiry, then, public administration might be under the risk of being a subfield to another discipline, or even fractionized into several. In addition, the identity crisis of what is public adminis tration can also complicated the intellectual crisis of what the study of public administration should focus. The failure of defining core identity and drawing a clear boundary of inquiry might jeopardize future development of public administration study. While my concerns might not be the same as what scholars like Raaschelders and Denhardt have argued, Raaschelders suggests that current debate over identity of public administration on its methodological approaches is backward, and somewhat meaningless due to the complexity nature of government rendering the true understanding of reality impossible, therefore, future scholars should just move beyond this debate and consider public administration discipline as an interdisciplinary study like a harbor anchoring multi-face studies. Denhardt on the other hand, argues that current emphasis on scientific method might limit the room for other considerations. Therefore, the study of public administration should include other perspectives. These are valid arguments, however, I believe how scholars perceive their studies and how the field defines itself will significantly shape future study and the methods. Yet in the education of public administration, which deals with the training of future administrators, and the curriculum design is associated with what capacity scholars believe administrators should have. My argument for the importance of legitimacy problem is that while public administration discipline includes various schools of thought with their own advantages and weakness, if the academic field is so complex and scholars cannot draw a boundary to the knowledge, then the accumulation of knowledge created since the inception of public administration, combine with extreme diverse scholars perception and methodology, I fear that the wide range content cover in current education system might exceed students capacity to comprehend. In more simplistic terms, my argument is that there is no doubt that every schools o f thought is valuable and impossible to decide which one is outside the realm of public administration, however, the sheer amount of public administration knowledge still requires and challenges this discipline to triage its body of scholars work, so that the training and cultivation of future administrator is possible. Otherwise, over time, this problem of drawing definition might translates to future government administrators and the public struggling with the different experience and understanding; perceptions of governments role; and their approach to formulate and implement policy.