Social Class in Classroom free essay sample

In contrast with these 20% of Americans a long with the other 80% are a lot of differences when it comes to learning in the classroom. According to Lee Warren of Harvard University, â€Å"In many parts of the country, class differences are sharply defined by accent: people talk like the neighborhood they came from†(Class in the Classroom, 2) where as someone from a more â€Å"run-down† neighborhood might have a less sophisticated vocabulary, just because they do not speak that way on a daily basis. However, that is all stereotypical. People â€Å"wrongly anticipate the knowledge or potential of specific classes of children† and as a result â€Å"children from high-class families are sometimes viewed as being more intelligent than those from lower social classes† (Social Class-Effects 1), which is not right at all. The amount of money one has, should not define how educated they are. â€Å"Education is based on learning specific skills, forming lifelong work habits and developing mature coping skills according to each students unique abilities† (FISD Career and Technical Education Center Handbook Addendum 4) not income and socioeconomic status. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Class in Classroom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Not only is it stereotypical that students who come from a lower class family, have a weaker vocabulary, but some tend to believe that their level of academic readiness can not measure up to those from a higher social class. As quoted from Lee Warren, â€Å"differing levels of preparation and academic sophistication can sometimes be attributed to class background and the quality of previous schooling† (Class in the Classroom 2). While the type of previous schooling and preparation for school can demonstrate a student’s ocioeconomic class background; In contrast, author Richard Rothstein argues in his article, â€Å"The Social and Economic Realities That Challenge All Schools† that: â€Å"the success of some lower class students proves nothing about the power of schools †¦between low-income and middle-class children†¦on average, the achievement of low-income students is below that of middle-class students, but there are always some middle-class students who achieve below typical low-income levels; similarly, some low-income students achieve above typical middle-class levels. Which demonstrates that the type of school a student attends can be effective towards their education, however, it is up to the student to take advantage of the education they are receiving. Just because an upper class student attends a school that has very high academic standards does not mean that they are smart. It just represents the type of school he or she went to. The student can be failing every single class, because it is so hard, while a lower income class student can be a valedictorian of his/her school. To conclude, the type of school might display the student’s family income, however, grades are a different story. Anyone can be rich and quite blunt. Social class has a large effect on the students’ academic interests as well. In regards to that, it is also believed that those who come from the lower social class would have different academic interests in comparison to those of the upper class. In the article, â€Å"Class in the Classroom†, Warren interprets that â€Å"students from different class backgrounds can have very different reactions to material presented and very different interests in the material. † (3). When one goes off to college, they choose a major that best suits them and their interests, in some cases, â€Å"students from lower socioeconomic status families will disportionately select into majors with lower academic demands† (Siebens, Choice of Major and Continued Class Disadvantage in Higher Education 5);they are being pressured to do well in college and have to make sure that they will succeed because â€Å"disadvantaged students may be more sensitive to the risk of failure †¦students from low socioeconomic status families perceive their hazard of failure to be higher than others as well as†¦paying off tuition and fees, which are a large investment for these students†(Siebens, Choice of Major and Continued Class Disadvantage in Higher Education 4-5). Students of a lower socioeconomic status might choose what is portrayed as the â€Å"easiest major† just to get a degree, and most likely this person is probably the first out of his/her family to attend college, so the fact of getting a degree in any subject or field will be looked at as an accomplishment. These students also have more trouble paying for college, unless they receive financial aid, but the ones who do not receive it will go out of their way to pay for school. One will have to take out loans and pay them back, which is not easy without a well paying, stable job—thus pursuing a baccalaureate degree. In the lower social class of the United States, there are many factors that are being used to differentiate this small group from the middle and upper class students. A common reason found amongst most lower class students is the lack of confidence they all carry. According to James Rhem of NTLF, from the article â€Å"Social Class and Student Learning†: â€Å"Students from working-class backgrounds often lack confidence. They may have as much intelligence as students who come from wealth, but they see the world differently. They may, in fact, be more likely to lack academic skills and sophistication. They have less practice playing with ideas, conceptualizing and sometimes less practice in reading and writing. But even when they dont lack skills, they often remain uncertain of themselves, stay quiet in class, pick low-risk courses, and settle on very practical majors without allowing themselves to dream of more† (2). In other words, â€Å"these students are less able to work the system† (Warren, Class in the Classroom 1) and this means that they have more trouble finding out what to do, in terms of helping themselves. They are less exposed to ‘the college world† since there is no one these students can relate to—many other students from other socioeconomic status have some idea of what to do in college, because others who have attended college, such as siblings and parents, give proper advisement to these students, when help is neededas a result of â€Å"being able to work the system†. Middle class students (in contrast to the lower income students) are the ones who are â€Å"fairly† more prepared. The middle class students, â€Å"on average, receive more support at home and come to school more prepared for the work in class†(Kahlenberg, Middle Class Schools for All 2). Because they receive more support at home, they will have more people to be there for them in a sense of advisement. Middle class students are more prepared (as stated previously), these students have more exposure, in other words, being able what to expect in class, or being able to keep up with the work. Besides aving lower self esteem, â€Å"these students tend to have a higher level of motivation; based on their own clear idea of what an education can and will do for them† (Rhem, Social Class and Student Learning 2). These students have a higher level of motivation and strong work ethic since they â€Å"can manage hair-raising schedules of work, family, and college, pulling off demands of each with grit and a clear sense of purpose†(Warren, Class in the Classroom 2); thus giving these students the â€Å"psychological tools† they need to survive through out college. Although they might be more motivated, majority of the time, they are stressed out because of other factors that can get in the way of studying, such as work or helping out the family. Lower class students are usually depended on more, because of the many chores that boost their work ethic. In contrast to the middle and upper social class, the lower class students usually have larger priorities. Most of these students have to work while attending school, which can be a good and bad thing. On the bright side, students who work and go to college are more able to â€Å"value a higher education and know how to work hard† (Warren, Class in the Classroom 1) but on the other hand, â€Å"lower class students do drop out of college in higher rates then those of the middle and upper class† (Siebens, Choice of Major and Continued Class Disadvantage in Higher Education 4-5) because of the other priorities that become a burden on attending class and studying. Many lower income students do not have enough money to pay for college, so there’s a chance they can also qualify for financial aid. According to the article, â€Å"Simplifying Financial Aid Process Improves College Access for Low-Income Students,† there are nearly â€Å"17,000 low income students that were not aware of financial aid forms and higher education costs and prevented attending college† (LOOK UP WEBSITE CITATION). The students, who are aware of the forms to fill out to receive financial aid, are lucky since they do not have to invest as much money as the middle and upper class students do for a college education. Middle class families have had an even more difficult time paying for college because they are often declined of financial aid. While campaigning for office in 2000 and 2004, â€Å"President Bush promised to increase this assistance and give students â€Å"more access to and more choice in higher education† (The Middle Class Squeeze 8) although there has not been much change to increase the amount of financial aid given to lower and middle income class students. The advantage of getting the â€Å"governments money† to pay off college tuition is a huge factor in the amount of lower income class students who attend college. On the contrary, there are middle class students who also can not afford to pay $10,000+ tuition a year, but do not receive any aid. Students from upper class families usually have better advantages over those of the lower and middle class. These students tend to be more â€Å"confident in their place, and are more likely to speak up in class†(Warren, Class in the Classroom 2) and the studies of Turner and Sewell indicate that â€Å"upper class students generally have higher career aspirations that make college going imperative as the means of realizing their future ambitions† (The Social Context of Ambition). Because the upper class students have parents that earn an upper class salary, they tend to â€Å"be ambitious and value success, community responsibility, hard work and excellence (Warren, Class in the Classroom 2). † These students are ambitious, but they also succeed, as described by David H. Kamens of Northeastern University in the essay, â€Å"Social Class and College Dropout†: â€Å"With the exception of students from business families†¦academic success does tend to have more influence on students from high status families and less on those from lower class backgrounds. Perhaps this is because their aspirations are high, though are not contingent on superior academic performance. â€Å"(11). Upper class students also have more exposure to the world around them. Since majority of these students come from families of a large income, they can afford to Do we have to blame ones social class for the amount of education he or she receives? Absolutely not! One factor that can affect a person’s education attainment is the type of school they attended. According to the 2005 statistics in the National Assessment of Educational Progress, â€Å"given to fourth graders in math, for example, low-income students attending more affluent schools were almost two years ahead of low-income students in high-poverty schools. Indeed, low-income students given a chance to attend more-affluent schools performed more than half a year better, on average, than middle income students who attend high-poverty schools† (Kahlenberg, Middle Class Schools for All 2). From this data, it is clear to see that the type of school is what matters most, not income. Ones social income class should not be used to determine their intelligence, but to only advertise their yearly salary. Social class is a determinant used to define where a family stands in terms of salary and socioeconomic status. However, it is used to determine what will be offered to the family, for example, the type of school that each child will attend. But what it does not determine is the success of that student’s education attainment. Money can buy a college education yet, it will not buy literacy.

How to Find Cheap or Free Textbooks Online

How to Find Cheap or Free Textbooks Online Textbooks can cost a small fortune. It seems that every year the required texts get heavier and the prices get higher. According to a study from the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance, students can easily pay between $700 and $1000 for books during a single year. An undergraduate student may end up paying up to $4,000 on books before he or she receives a degree. Unfortunately, distance learners don’t always escape this fate. While some online schools offer a virtual curriculum, free of charge, the majority of online colleges still require their students to purchase traditional textbooks with hefty price tags. Books for one or two classes could total in the hundreds. However, showing a little shopping savvy could save you a significant amount of cash. Better Than Cheap The only thing that’s better than cheap is free. Before you even check the bookstore, take a look to see if you can find the material elsewhere. There are dozens of virtual libraries that offer reference material and literature with no cost to the reader. While newer texts are unlikely to be online, hundreds of older pieces with expired copyrights are all over the internet. The Internet Public Library, for example, offers links to hundreds of full-text books, magazines, and newspapers. Bartleby, a similar site, offers thousands of ebooks and reference materials free of charge. Readers can even download the books for free and view them on their desktop or handheld device. Project Gutenberg provides 16,000 e-books free for download, including classics such as Pride and Prejudice and The Odyssey. Google Scholar is offering an ever-increasing database of free academic articles and ebooks. If your curriculum consists of an over-priced packet of photocopied articles, check to see i f the material is available here before forking over the cash. Another alternative is trying to find a student in your area who purchased the book during a previous semester. If your online school has message boards or other means of communicating with your peers, you may ask students who have taken the course before if they would be willing to sell the book at a discounted price. If you are near a physical college campus that offers courses similar to your online classes, scouring the campus for flyers advertising student-sold books may be your ticket to saving a few dollars. Before you begin a random search, find out what buildings house the departments that are likely to require your books. Students often post advertisements on the walls of their old classrooms.Some students are able to find their required materials in the library. While your regular public library is unlikely to carry most traditional textbooks, a local college may have the books available for limited use. Since you are not a student there, the librarians probably wonâ€℠¢t let you take the books with you. But, if the books are shelved, you may be able to use them for a couple hours each day in order to get your studying done. Shop Around If you aren’t able to get your books for free, make sure you get a good price. You should be able to find almost any text for less than its suggested retail price. Websites like eBay and Half host online auctions of a variety of items, including textbooks. Sites like Alibris connect to hundreds of independent booksellers around the world, finding you some of the best prices on used and new textbooks. Want to save on shipping? Run a search to see if there’s a local bookstore that will allow you to pick up the book you’re looking for. They often offer pleasant markdowns on a variety of texts.If you want to save money, don’t wait until the last minute to buy your books. When ordering from an online source, it may take time for you to find the best deal and for your order to be processed and shipped. If you’re disciplined enough to look ahead a month or two, you may be able to save a lot by bidding during an off-time, when hordes of students arenâ€℠¢t looking for the same book. Finding your books for cheap or free will take time and energy. But, to hundreds of students, getting a good deal is worth the extra effort. Suggested Bookseller Links:www.allbookstores.comwww.gutenberg.orgscholar.google.comwww.ipl.orgwww.bartleby.com Jamie Littlefield is a writer and instructional designer. She can be reached on Twitter or through her educational coaching website: jamielittlefield.com.

Asian-Americans and College Admissions

Higher education in the United States is still the main purpose of society. It will be the most important way of social mobility and economic independence and will reward people of all backgrounds and races. However, American universities have undergone intense changes emphasizing the advantages of providing higher education for certain privileged races, limiting the quotas of other Asian Americans. As predecessors of the 1920s denied the existence of Jewish quota, senior officials at Harvard University, Yale University, Princeton University, and other Ivy League schools today declared the existence of Asian Quotas I strongly deny it. (Unz) However, statistical evidence suggests other As an Asian American activist I am skeptical of Harvard's lawsuit against unequal treatment of Asian Americans at university entrance. This case was proposed by advocacy groups for students' fair enrollment and was meant to represent my interests, which was a serious mistake. During the first year at Ya le University I learned the activities that the first year students stood together and the counselor set the goal to read cards that would not have me. If the prompt matches your background, the student goes ahead. Some tips are easy; Others ask for serious life experiences like discrimination, hunger or violence This is not the first time that the Harvard incident was accused of discriminating against students in Asia. In the 1980s, student activists pointed out that despite the rapid increase in the number of Asian Americans during college years, the admission rate of Asian American universities is still sluggish. They believe that this stagnation is mainly due to prejudice of entrance practices. This is relatively beneficial for Caucasian applicants, with relatively few Asian American enrollment. Due to these complaints, an internal survey on entrance exercises at Stanford University, Harvard University, Princeton University, and University of California, Berkeley was held. Sever al schools like Berkeley believe that they are doing nothing bad and that Asian American students are over-represented in their common population in the United States.

Should Cars Be More Efficient Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Should Cars Be More Efficient - Term Paper Example With the increase in fuel prices, consumers are quite likely to expect that the price of the car should meet with the budget allotted (Johnston, 2010). Based on the current role of automotive industry in the environmental degradation caused due to huge CO2 emissions and increasing consumption of non-renewable fuels, especially the companies engaged in manufacturing of cars, this paper will intend to provide an account of the essentiality to preserve and effectually enhance the efficiency of cars in the futuristic perspective. Needs for Eco-Friendly Automobiles The aggregate consumption level of cars can be identified as increasing day by day and consequently emissions of CO2 are also growing rapidly, owing to which environment is being affected by a higher degree of pollution making the atmosphere unhealthy for the prosperity of the living beings. With this concern, the European Union Commission along with various other national institutions has been identified to adopt various measu res for reducing the emission of CO2 in the long run. As a result, many new cars have been manufactured by automobile companies with special attention on using Liquid Petroleum Gas and hydrogen gas among other renewable energies. Many cars have also been manufactured, which run through electricity as well as chargeable battery power and thus attempt to lessen the consumption of fuels and simultaneously reduce the negative impact caused to the environment (Ward, Tanaka, Short, & Steiner, 2008). Contextually, the massive manufacturing and using of cars are increasing the traffic system rapidly in every street of global environment. Due to immense pressure from the traffic, the environment has to witness harmful consequences related to sound and air pollution by the noise produced and CO2 emissions caused by automobiles. It is in this context that the consequences of environmental degradation, as led by automobiles, accumulatively give rise to global warming (Ward, Tanaka, Short, & Ste iner, 2008). It is in this respect that emphasis is put on the growth in the consumption rate of cars in world transportation; the International Energy Agency has predicted that the demand for fuels along with the consequential release of pollution will rise substantially in the upcoming decades. As can be depicted from the chart below, the obtained statistics until 2050 provides an estimate that the rate of CO2 emissions is quite likely to rise rapidly with vast differences over decades. This, in turn, is quite likely to result in a greater degree of environmental degradation which certainly requires attention from the worldwide automotive companies (Ward, Tanaka, Short, & Steiner, 2008). In other words, the obtained statistics apparently indicates the need for more efficient cars for the future generation which can be quite beneficial in reducing the predicted growth rate of CO2 emissions and thus result in a healthier environment. With this concern, various automotive companies a long with governmental and social institutions have targeted to manufacture environment friendly technologies to be used in cars with the sole intention of lowering emission rates and non-renewable energy such as fossil fuel consumption trends. Source: (Ward, Tanaka, Short, & Steiner, 2008) Success Factors of the Environment Strategies in Global Automobile At present and also in the future market, automobile industry should develop certain effectual strategies for making cars efficient by taking worthy account of

Linguistics structure and meaning in literary discourse Essay

Linguistics structure and meaning in literary discourse - Essay Example Complicating action and resolution, recognized as 'narrative clauses' by the Labov, are simple past main clauses and their order sums up the order of events in the narrative. The temporal sequence of the original semantic interpretation will be the ultimate result of an alteration in the order of complicating action and resolution. In the novel A Tale of Two Cities, the 'narrative clauses' of complicating action and resolution in the form of simple past main clauses whose order sums up the order of events are at work from the very opening of the narrative. "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishnessit was the season of Light, it was the season of Darknesswe had everything before us, we had nothing before us" (Dickens, 3) The order of the various events in the narrative is the result of the order of the 'narrative clauses'. To comprehend these narrative strategies closely, complicating action is concerned with the narrative question 'Then what happened' and resolution with 'What finally happened' Similarly, the narrative function of the former has been that it is the main narrative category which provides the 'what happened' element of the story and the latter summarises the final focal episode of a story. More significantly, the linguistic form of complicating action is "temporally ordered narrative clauses with a verb in the simple past or present" where as that of resolution is "expressed as the last of the narrative clauses that began the complicating action." (A Sociolinguistic Model of Narrative) The linguistic forms of complicating action as well as resolution in the novel are evidently reflected in the sentence constructions of the narrative. According to Labov, the narrative embodies several events which are temporarily and rationally previous to the narrative itself. Therefore, Labov realised the significance of sequence which denotes the chronological ordering in narrative discourse. To relate the literary issues with the linguistic aspects, "the structural organisation of the narrative is governed primarily by principles of chronological sequence." (Klapproth, 96) In the narrative strategy of the novel by Dickens, this structural organisation of the narrative assisted by the principles of chronological sequence is apparent. In the novel A Tale of the Two Cities one finds the best illustration of this structural organisation of the narrative through the principles of temporal sequence. The novel, arranged in three books, illustrates the impact of the principles of temporal sequence on the structural organisation of the narrative. The arrangement of the major events in the novel in three main sections indicates the significance of temporal seque

The Missouri Compromise Essay Example for Free

The Missouri Compromise Essay In 1819, The United States of America was made up of 22 states. At the time there was an even amount of free states and slave states. Due to the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, there were boundless acres of territory that had yet to be settled in the United States. Later that year, the territory of Missouri requested for statehood (Jones 361). This request set up controversy and conflict between the North and South states. Since the bulk of the settlers in the territory of Missouri were southerners, it was implied that if Missouri were to be welcomed to the Union as a state it would have to be a slave state. Nonetheless, if Missouri were added it would strictly disturb the political status quo. Amid all this tension, â€Å"Missouri’s admission was stalled† (Jordan 247). During this debacle, the territory, which we now call Maine, applied for statehood. Henry Clay, a politician at the time, knew that with Maine applying for statehood, this stalemate between slave states and free states could end. Soon after, the Missouri compromise of 1820 was the agreement that politicians made to evenly balance slave states and free states. Additionally, it was established that slavery would not be permissible to prolong in the territories north of the 36 ° 30’ latitude line (Jordan 247). The predicament with the Missouri Compromise was that the compromise was going to boost sectional division by outlining what the free states are in the North and what the slave states are in the South (Jordan 247). The result of this compromise was going to be a division between the North and the South. Furthermore, the Missouri Compromise was not adequately sufficient enough to keep the North and the South pleased. As the Missouri Compromise was written it was made permissible for Missouri to turn into a slave state as long as Missouri didn’t limit the rights of blacks or whites that immigrated into Missouri and that Maine would merge into the US as a free state (Jones 362). Even though the Missouri Compromise was very thought out, it was not the resolution to the slave predicament that people look forward to. To be more precise, it brought about the quarrel between politicians and citizens and led to a larger sense of sectionalism. The United States transformed into a hand tools, animal-power society into a mechanized, market-oriented society that came into sight in the North and West during the 1800s. This period of transformation was known as the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was during the time the cotton gin was invented. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to help making the picking of cotton easier (Jordan 248). Inadvertently, the cotton gin helped revitalize slavery. Inventions like the textile mills, and interchangeable parts helped create the market economy. In the market economy, produce was raised and merchandise was created for sale in the market. The money that farmers and merchants made from market transactions was spent to pay for goods raised or created by others (Norton 245). There was a market cycle beginning to form. Due to the market economy, cotton started to become very valuable and it also started to become more lucrative due to the cotton gin. Many settlers wanted to join in on this newfound wealth so all the settlers started to move west to grow cotton. Since the settlers knew that they would make more money if they had slaves on their farms they demanded slavery. To accommodate the needs of the new settlers the Missouri Compromise was drafted. Manifest Destiny was a belief that the United States had to keep on moving west. Moving west and settling in more area is the outcome of territorial expansion. With the combination of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and the Louisiana Purchase states would be created easier. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 allowed territories to have its own government if it met a certain amount of people residing in that territory (Jordan 141). As I stated before in my introductory paragraph, the Louisiana Purchase gave the United States thousands of acres of land. It nearly doubled the size of the United States at the time of the transaction. The Louisiana Purchase gave settlers land to move west while the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 helped set up statehood and government for territories. If the Louisiana Purchase and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 didn’t occur there would be no Missouri Compromise if no one settled in Missouri. The Missouri Compromise brought out the disparities within the politicians of different parties and was a foundation to a transformation in American politics. The country was gradually separating into two distinct factions, those that preferred the southern agrarian, slave holding economy and those that preferred to shift the country in a more industrial course and preferred the abolition, or at least the restraining, of slavery. The resolution that Henry Clay recommened that was to be known as the Missouri Compromise of 1820 simply suspended a quarrel of great proportions until a later date. Word Count: 837 Outline Missouri Compromise Soon after, the Missouri compromise of 1820 was the agreement that politicians made to evenly balance slave states and free states. Additionally, it was established that slavery would not be permissible to prolong in the territories north of the 36 ° 30’ latitude line (Jordan 247). Sectionalism The predicament with the Missouri Compromise was that the compromise was going to boost sectional division by outlining what the free states are in the North and what the slave states are in the South (Jordan 247). Even though the Missouri Compromise was very thought out, it was not the resolution to the slave predicament that people look forward to. To be more precise, it brought about the quarrel between politicians and citizens and led to a larger sense of sectionalism. Industrial Revolution and Market Economy In the market economy, produce was raised and merchandise was created for sale in the market. The money that farmers and merchants made from market transactions was spent to pay for goods raised or created by others (Norton 245). Territorial Expansion The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 allowed territories to have its own government if it met a certain amount of people residing in that territory (Jordan 141). The Louisiana Purchase gave settlers land to move west while the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 helped set up statehood and government for territories Conclusion The resolution that Henry Clay recommened that was to be known as the Missouri Compromise of 1820 simply suspended a quarrel of great proportions until a later date.

The Evolution of Ethics Essay -- essays papers

The Evolution of Ethics A goal implicit in human evolution is survival; thus, humanity directs some of its energy toward creating a state of peace to achieve the necessary efficiency and conservation of energy to survive in a hostile and sometimes unpredictable world. The foundation of the emergence of rule systems in the world is built upon centuries of reasoned insight and personal experiences that reveal which actions are better than others, which are productive, and which are disruptive and should be avoided. As efficient actions reveal themselves to an evolving society, its people develop the means to make productive choices between one type of action and another. Some choices are decidedly better than others. This prioritizing of human actions into efficient hierarchies establishes the foundations of rule systems which later refine themselves into more sophisticated systems of morals, manners and statutory laws. All these systems have a tendency to address the fundamental need of the human species to survive and avoid the common fate of extinction by conserving energy and directing social attention towards more productive kinds of behavior. It could be said that as civilization approaches the ideal of efficiency, the harmony that follows from efficient and thoughtful actions inspires a state of peace that exponentially increases the chances of human civilization surviving over long periods of time. Social change has more or less followed the more reasoned logic and experiences of people. Change is not always perfect. However, as people experience more and learn more about their world through formal education, they have more resources by which they can make judgments about the behavior of their fellow humans. Knowledge of the past lends to enlightened minds a knowledge of the future. Common education and experiences inspire the emergence of informal belief systems, clarifying what appears to be acceptable behavior and what is not. Observations that endure centuries of reasoned scrutiny integrate ultimately into the cultural ethic. As a rule of thumb, an action that contributes to the disorganization of society is often considered "wrong" and that which contributes to the organization of society "right." Behaviors that corrupt the peace, prosperity, and productivity of a society are generally discouraged as "wrong," in favor of behaviors which contri... ...es. Rule systems help keep people in their "right mind" instead of going "out of their minds" through excess. People who are repeatedly "out of their minds" have less chance of surviving and surviving well than people who remain true to their original personality. Some behaviors corrupt the efficiency and social compatibility of people more than other behaviors. Some part of the evolution of ethical systems monitors the growth of potentially harmful behaviors and looks for methods to suppress them. Rules help to reign in human passion as progress demands finer and finer delineations of labor, resources, and authority. The visceral compulsions of humans to survive rather than perish commands intelligent people to try to hold their society together and to keep people and their passions from tearing it apart. Survival places an imperative to be sensible enough to stay above the threshold of extinction as a species. This evolutionary process inspires finer and finer details of order, and is first evident in the moral senses of reasonable people who push for better rules to keep society orderly. To do this they must look from past experience into the future. Bibliography:

Alcoholism in Youth

Alcoholism in Youth Expectation, are they making things difficult? It seems that what is expected has not been achieved neither been integrated in mind and heart of the youth, being dubbed to as hope of the motherland. Did the famous national hero of ours, Dr. Jose P. Rizal, just had been mistaken with his proposition then? Or, is it because the influential matters in the society that dominates that is why those coined words by him do not materialized? Which is which? We could not escape from the facts that there is a bunch of malignant issues that bound the society. Yes, indeed, reality bites!Such social issues are fatal act into quoting that the youth is slowly killing the final stand of the country’s progress. What is the problem then? Or should I say problems? Alcoholism is considered as a widespread problem in the society since it can harm the individual’s health, relationships and status in life. It is definitely a disease which means an uncontrollable and obsessi ve consumption of alcoholic beverages. It detriments the physical and mental components of a person and causes the brain to change in some point that the person becomes dependent and abusive.The alcoholism in youth is out of subtlety. It is really obvious now! Youths are unstoppable and always thrilled when talking about alcohol. They seem to be excited in the experience and proud in some point when drinking. Actually, the bond between alcohol and youth is really a complicated matter that everybody should need to understand to solve this this legal matter is way over ignorance, then underage drinking is common. Generally, young Filipinos start to drink at the age of 16 or 17. But there are some cases that they drink as young as 12 years old.Family, friends, and the mass media can be influential factors. With this matter, out of school youth could divert themselves seeing them at the end of the day, drinking alcohol and taking up drugs. Pursued by curiosity, they do what is not suppo sed to be done. If these deeds will be tolerated, then there will be just a little hole along the tunnel that will light up the dark pathways of life. It is the same as saying as the case gets worse, the result gets dark. With that they do, they vividly mirror what awaits tomorrow. Then what waits it then?Simple, a day full of miserable undertakings, full of regrets and a day that embraces darkness. In the stage of puberty, there are some huge changes and adjustments that the youths are experiencing and undergoing. These adjustments are crucial that they find the comfort in using drugs and alcohol. We can see that these on-going developmental changes are some factors that should be dealt by them. As they grow and expose to the outside world, peer pressures and thrill seeking activities lead to them to test their limit and their ability to go on what they can see.They try everything and anything even if it is harmful just to be accepted by the society they choose to be a part of. The se causes should be controlled and every youth should seek responsibility on what is morally and legally accepted. Character strength is tested during this kind of stages since every action has its own consequences. As stated earlier, there are so many harmful effects alcoholism can bring. In youths, the most difficult to avoid is the serious drinking problem which may be alcohol dependency or alcohol abuse.When a person starts to drink in a younger age, there is huge possibility that the person will become alcoholic. In a rebellion phase, of course, dangerous behavior can be amplified by alcohol. Since they are used to this kind of actions and environment, they tend to engage in much hazardous move like use of harmful drugs and risky behaviors. Finally, alcohol has an enormous effect in brain and body development. Underage drinkers may suffer and have difficulties in long term memory or critical thinking in later years. Hormonal imbalance will soon be observed which have a negative impact in reproduction.Drinking alcohol is a primitive practice of Filipinos as what history shows. Now we are in a modernized world, but this practice has never been avoided successfully. Alcohol is not really at fault but the person who abuse alcohol. Youths are risky in these abusive actions bu we should not criticize them. Nevertheless, we should be the model and the helpers of these youths as they move towards critical transitions. And at the end, the relationship between the youths and alcohol is not really a mystery. Its solution are not vague and if we just open our eyes wide enough, the solutions are just in front of us.

Nick Adams as Code Hero of in Our Time

Ernest Hemingway is noted for having made many contributions to the literary world and one of his most notorious contributions is the Code Hero. The birth and growth of the Code Hero can be easily observed simply by watching the growth and development of Nick Adams throughout Hemingway's writing. In Our Time contains a various assortment of Nick Adam stories at various stages of his life and also shows the Code Hero at various stages of its development. In Our Time was the second book Hemingway had published. His first contained only three short stories and ten poems and had little to do with the Code Hero, making In Our Time the first time Hemingway revealed the Code Hero to the rest of the world. The technique and characterization contained in In Our Time is consistent with most of Hemingway's later writings, setting up In Our Time as a model of Hemingway's style and the Code Hero According to Professor Paul Totah of St. Ignatius, Hemingway defined the Code Hero as â€Å"a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful. The Code Hero measures himself by how well they handle the difficult situations that life throws at him. In the end the Code Hero will lose because we are all mortal, but the true measure is how a person faces death. The Code Hero is typically an individualist and free-willed. Although he believes in the ideals of courage and honor he has his own set of morals and pr inciples based on his beliefs in honor, courage and endurance. Qualities such as bravery, adventuresome and travel also define the Code Hero. A final trait of the Code Hero is his dislike of the dark. It symbolizes death and is a source of fear for him. The rite of manhood for the Code Hero is facing death. However, once he faces death bravely and becomes a man he must continue the struggle and constantly prove himself to retain his manhood (Totah). The Code Hero is present in the majority of Hemingway's novels. Even the young man in Hills Like White Elephants contained many of the characteristics of the Code Hero such as free-willed, individualist, and travel. The individualism comes out in his desire to not have a child. It would solidify the group aspect of a family between him and the lady. The travel trait is obvious by the mention of the stickers on the luggage denoting the many places they had been. His free will comes out also in his desire not to be a father. If he were a father he would have to begin making decisions for his child and family, not just for himself. The first Nick Adam story, Indian Camp shows Nick as a young boy and also shows Nick as he experiences the main characteristic of the Code Hero, facing death bravely. Nick's witnessing of the Indian's suicide introduces him to death for the first time. Instead of being frightened or sickened by the experience, Nick stays strong and asks his father questions about it instead. The fear of darkness is also touched upon in Indian Camp. When Nick first goes to the camp it is dark and he sits in the boat with his father's arm around him, providing a sense of security. When Nick leaves the camp it is light outside. Nick runs his hand through the water, which is described as warm and provides the sense of security that his father had to provide during the night. The light shining on the water and warmth that Nick feels is also mentioned along with Nick's thought that he would never die. Nick draws strength and sanctuary from the morning as opposed to the night before. Nick's feeling that he would never die shows this as an early stage in his development into a Code Hero. He has not accepted the inevitability of death, yet. The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife also shows Nick developing into the Code Hero, although in a very subtle way. Nick is only involved in the end of the story but the few sentences that Hemingway writes about him are enough to show development. Nick is described as sitting in the woods reading. This shows him as someone who enjoys the outdoors. From this it can be derived that he enjoys traveling. He doesn't like being tied down to civilization; he'd rather be out exploring and setting his own path. This shows the free will and individualism of Nick. The description of him reading shows that he's expanding his knowledge. It's unimportant what he's reading; it just shows that he's expanding his knowledge of the world. From this he will form his opinions and beliefs, helping him create his own value and belief system. His parents' contradicting religious views reinforce this. Since he does not have one religion exposed to him he has to examine both. From this he will pick and chose the ideals he believes in. The End of Something and The Three-Day Blow show the development of Nick's individualism. Although his age is not mentioned, it can be assumed he has passed through adolescence and is becoming a young man. He feels that his relationship with Marjorie is becoming too close. He is losing his individuality as they become more of a couple, although he doesn't realize it. All he knows it that the relationship wasn't fun any longer and it was over for some reason he didn't know. Bill articulates the reason when he describes what married life would have been like for Nick. Nick would have had to settle down and get a job and raise a family. Bill also points out that Nick would have been marrying her whole family, not just her. Nick would have no longer been an individual; he would have been part of a group. He also would have lost his free will. He would not have been able to do whatever he wanted whenever he wanted. He would have had to factor in the family into his decisions. Bill further points out that Marjorie's mother would have been around all the time telling them how to do things and act. Nick's desire to travel is illustrated when he thinks about how he and Marjorie had talked of going to Italy and all the places they would go and see. Another characteristic revealed is honor. Bill states that Nick did the right thing by breaking up with Marjorie now while she still has a chance to meet someone else and settle down with him. It is implied that by Nick stopping things he actually helped both of them avoid a life that would have made them miserable. In The Battler Hemingway has Nick face death for the first time since that day at the Indian camp as a young boy. Nick is older now and is becoming a young man. Although death is not openly visible in the story, Nick does face it in two ways. The first is symbolic in the fact that although it is dark outside, Nick walks up to the fire and the stranger and begins a conversation. Nick bravely faced death in this instance. He didn't let the fact that it was dark, he was not near anyone that could help him, or that he didn't know the man stop him. The other way Nick faced death was his encounter with Ad. Ad said he was going o give Nick a beating but a man that could snap in and out of reality the way Ad did could easily beat Nick to eath. Nick is aware that he is in a dangerous situation, but he remains calm and doesn't show cowardice. He slowly backs away from Ad while trying to talk him out of the fight. Although he backed away, he didn't turn and run or begin crying and begging for mercy. He recognized the fact that he couldn't win a fight against Ad and used his intelligence to try and find ano ther solution. The Battler also shows Nick as a traveler. He is train hoping his way from town to town. Cross-Country Snow again shows the travel aspect of the Code Hero. Nick talks of wanting t travel all over Switzerland and Europe to ski and mentions having traveled a lot in the United States. The story also shows Nick being unhappy about giving up his free will and individualism. He has a baby on the way and it will change everything. He knows he will have to return to the U. S. He says he is happy now that he will be a father but he still emits regret at not being able to ski anymore. This is symbolic of more than skiing, though. It symbolizes his regret at not being able to just bum around Europe or travel around the States. It symbolizes a loss of his free will. His decisions will no longer affect just him. This ties in with his loss of individualism. He now has a family to think about and provide for. He is part of a small group and not just an individual. Despite all this, he faces it bravely. He says he is happy to become a father. In this way he faces the death of his free will and individualism bravely. Big Two-Hearted River shows Nick as a man and also reveals that he has acquired many of the qualities of the Code Hero. He is out in the woods and camping along the river alone, depicting his individualism. His camping and fishing show his adventuresome personality. His reminiscing of other fishing trips at various places reveals his love of traveling. Nick is always respectful of nature and the river. There is an aspect of Nick's fear of the dark as well. When he speaks his voice sounds strange in the darkness and he doesn't speak again. Despite this fear he is brave and camps out alone near the river. By this point Nick has nearly matured into the full Code Hero and fully into a man. Chapter IV is the conclusion of the growth of the Code Hero and Nick Adams. Nick is in a war, most likely WWI. He has been shot and he is staring into the face of death. He is also smiling. In this short one paragraph sketch, Nick shows his bravery, courage and endurance to face an extremely difficult situation and face death. At this point Nick proves his manhood and shows the final evolution of the Code Hero. The fact that Nick is a soldier fighting in a war reinforces his bravery and courage. His survival during the war displays his ability to endure and persevere through tough situations. Although it is a collection of short stories, Hemingway's In Our Time presents his famous Code Hero in various stages of its development through the development of one of his most famous characters, Nick Adams. Characteristics such as bravery, courage, endurance, free will, individualism, a desire to travel, a fear of the darkness and the ability to face death and the difficulty of life are prevalent in Nick as he grows from a young boy in Indian Camp into a man in Chapter VI. The Nick Adams stories contained in In Our Time do a great job of showing Nick at various stages of his life and in various stages of his development into the Code Hero, making the book a model of the Code Hero.

Migrant Hostel, Ancestors and Feliks Skryznecki Essays

Migrant Hostel, Ancestors and Feliks Skryznecki Essays Migrant Hostel, Ancestors and Feliks Skryznecki Paper Migrant Hostel, Ancestors and Feliks Skryznecki Paper Essay Topic: Poetry Belonging is known as a process of identification that establishes our relationships between individuals and their society. Often, the pursuit of a sense of belonging dominates ones life as it can emerge from the connections made with people and society. It has been found that mans need for companionship, belonging is natural and instinctive and something that is pre-coded in the primitive brain. Aristotle once said, The impulse to form partnership of this kind is present in all men by nature. Knowledge of ones identity through knowledge of where one belongs can give meaning to life and bring about happiness, while exclusion can trigger a sense of unworthiness, even inferiority, and alienation as shown through the poetry of Peter Skryznecki and the film Into the Wild We chose the poems of Peter Skrzynecki as our prescribed text and there is a greater sense of not belonging and alienation in every poem than belonging and acceptance. It is almost that he wants us to feel sympathy and condolence for him in his poems. Poems such as Migrant Hostel, Ancestors and Feliks Skryznecki convey his message of being estranged and isolated from his identity of the polish culture and his uncertain future. To convey these views Skrzynecki uses a variety of techniques, the main ones being: metaphors, similes, personification, rhetorical questions and the use of tone. The poem Migrant hostel (Parkes 1949-1951) carries authencity and themes of difficulties assimilating into a new culture, feelings of uncertainty and insecurity and therefore issues surrounding identity, or the lack OF identity. In Migrant Hostel the poet uses the imagery of birds to show us this sense of uncertainty. Example We lived like birds of passage/Always sensing a change and Nationalities sought each other instinctively-/ Like a homing pigeon Feeling uncertain and insecure the migrants sought comfort and security from people with a familiar Background and felt a sense of belonging and acceptance as they were recognised by accents. Also in Migrant Hostel the poet effectively reveals the problems that migrants face of Assimilating into a new culture. Skryznecki does this with his powerful Image and personification of the boom gate at the migrant hostel. As it rose and fell like a finger/ Pointed in reprimand or shame. The word reprimand has negative connotations in this context being that the outside world may not be welcoming. Here we also get the sense that migrants are ostracized from the outside world as they are sealed off the highway which is an obstacle to freedom, new life as they are unable to reach it. In the Poem Felix Skrzynecki the poet explores a contrast of the theme of strong cultural identity and alienation for Feliks Skrzynecki and loss of cultural identity for Peter Skrzynecki in a new land. Feliks Skrzynecki chooses to isolate himself from society as he surrenders belonging in an Australian society; rather he chooses to belong in his garden as he loved his garden like an only child. Feliks feels secure and finds peace of mind in his garden and the use of hyperbole Ten times around the world creates a strong connection between Feliks and his garden. His polish friends/talking they reminisced about farms where paddocks flowered. This shows Feliks strong cultural identity with his polish friends an that he has a spiritual connection to the country that shaped him. Peter Skrzynecki realises that to become his own person (to fulfil his identity) he must move away from his family and surrender the polish culture. The loss of cultural identity is communicated through the image made by lines such as I forgot my first polish word/After that like a dumb prophet, /Watched me pegging my tents/Further and further south Of Hadrians Wall. The use of alliteration and repetition (a potent literary technique) further and further further emphasises the point of how much of the lost of the polish heritage and Peters cultural identity. The poem Ancestors is an interesting and enigmatic poem that raises many questions and images but gives little definite comment. The poem encourages the audience think about their past and the people who are responsible for our existence. These figures seem to appear to the poet in a dream but cannot communicate with him. There is a clear spiritual connection between the persona and these bearded, faceless men/standing shoulder to shoulder? which is a collective term and creates a sense of belonging with the use of alliteration but the rhetorical question undercuts this belonging by confusing the audience. There is also a real sense of uncertainty about his identity as they whisper into the darkness. The poets continual use of they emphasises his lack of knowledge about his ancestors. There is a sense of frustration in the final stanzas. The poet sees clearer faces yet he awakens and cannot speak Why do you wake as there faces become clearer. He captures his dissatisfaction and impotence in the simile, Your tongue as dry as caked mud. There is an inevitable relationship between the shadowy figures and the poet as the wind tastes of blood. This last line answers all the rhetorical questions asked in the poem as it tells the poet that he does have a blood related connection with his ancestors but also suggests that he has betrayed and surrendered his own cultural identity. My related text Into the wild is a story about youthful alienation that alternately irritates and engages. Based on a true story Into the Wild is basically a road picture that follows the adventures of Christopher McCandless, a bright college boy who chooses not to belong to a society that lives a lie bases on reasons and expectations. If we admit that human life can be ruled by reason, then all possibility of life is destroyed. A quote from Christopher McCandless. So he decides to leave and surrender his fake society identity behind The core of mans spirit comes from new experiences. By Chris McCandless and hitch hikes his way for two years like a drifter to live in the wild in search for happiness and his true identity. An example of this concept of not belonging can be seen when the family are having dinner, Christophers parents offer him to buy a car in order to improve his social image but Christopher sees this as an unnecessary measure. Why would I want a new car? / are you worried what the neighbors might think. Chris abandons his family and decides to chuck it all and become a self-styled aesthetic voyager in search of ultimate freedom. in the wild where he feels a great sense of belonging to the places and with the people he meets, I have lived through much and now I think I have found what is needed for happiness. A quiet, secluded life in the country with the possibility of being useful to people. This concept of belonging explores that he has found happiness and therefore found his identity and freedom. This can be seen through the long and far camera angle shots of the landscape and the natural imagery of the snow and the Grand canyon. The impression this film gives is that this act of rebellion by Chris is primarily a way to punish his parents for what he perceives as their hypocrisy and for the misery they put him and his sister through with their brutal fights all during their childhoods we were the bastard children Techniques which were used throughout the film are the use of constant voice overs and close camera angle shots of him writing his thoughts in his diary. The voice overs and written diary shots provide an incentive to the actions of Christopher and how he feels about them. A major concept of belonging to society is portrayed as the most important custom in ones life. The realization of the concept of belonging to society to live can clearly be seen after the death of Christopher. The montage of Christophers past at the end of the film puts together the memorable moments in his life which ironically were all related with his family. It shows him hugging his parents and finally realizing the value of belonging to a society. This realization is also backed up by the closing statement of Chris writing in his diary in his last moments Happiness is only real when shared. This immediately portrays belonging to society as a necessity to feel happy and valued. The poetry of Peter Skrzynecki and The film Into The Wild demonstrate that without a sense of belonging, which in essence arises from knowing ones identity, the individual is incomplete, Hence, life is incomplete. Realizing ones identity, through finding a place where one belongs is a key piece in the puzzle that is contentment. Even a life without belonging is consumed by the yearning to belong-showing that a life untouched by belonging is a life in which satisfaction hence happiness is unattainable.

Law essaies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Law essaies - Essay Example Wales Ltd enters an appearance and raises the defence of â€Å"force majeure.† Does its appearance confer jurisdiction to the courts of Athens? (5) Black Horse Traders Ltd obtained a judgement against Wales Ltd in Portugal and enforced the judgment in England. The judgment was, however, rendered in default of appearance of Wales Ltd. Advise Wales Ltd. 1. In addition to determining the competent court hearing lawsuit, we have to know which, if any, international jurisdiction entitlements shall apply. Based on the facts of the case the Brussels I Regulation is certainly applicable. The reason being that The Brussels I Regulation concerns commercial matters 1(contract of sales of goods) and also contains an International element since the case concerns purchase and transport within different states of the United Kingdom, Greece, Italy and Portugal, and all states are member states in Brussels I Regulation2. The United Kingdom is where Wales, Ltd. is registered as well as Black Horse Traders, Ltd. Wales. Ltd lists Greece as their principal place of business and Italy is where their central administration office is located and finally Portugal is where the goods had been delivered3. Under Article 2.1 â€Å"Subject to this Regulation, persons domiciled in a Member State shall, whatever their nationality, be sued in the courts of that Member State.†4 This article relates to the particular the individual person and infers that any person can sue if the defendant may be domiciled in a member state in Brussels I Regulation. This was clear in Grupo Torras SA and Torras SA and Torras Hostench London Ltd5. However, in Article 60.1 â€Å"for the purposes of this Regulation, a company or other legal person or association of natural or legal persons is domiciled at the place where it has its: And further, 60.2 â€Å" for the purposes of the United Kingdom and Ireland ‘statutory seat’ means the registered office or, where there is no

Reading questions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading questions - Case Study Example This strategy is effective when marketing a strong brand, which faces competition from other brands (Simonson, 72). Consumers make decisions after analyzing the choices on offer. Introducing a product that is inferior to the current product in the market would increase the sales of the superior product. Marketers use this strategy of introducing inferior products to increase the market share of superior products. For instance, designing a new model that has new features and pricing it at the same price as the old model would increase the sales of the new model. Most firms in the automobile industry use this strategy to increase the sales of their products (Simonson, 70). The manager at the local grocery stores can use alternative descriptions to influence the sales of the grocery’s products. Framing of product descriptions can help increase the sales of that particular product. The manager may also increase the sales of the grocery by offering a mix of products like onions and tomatoes. The sequence effect relates to the main points of an event. People will always consider the sequence in which a series of events took place. People consider events basing on the high and low points as well as the ending of the sequence of events (Chase & Dasu, 80). For instance, individuals donating blood will remember the long queues they had to follow, the stages they had to go through and the ending of the whole experience. One might improve this consumer situation by increasing the personnel to reduce the long queues. There is also need to reduce the stages through which a consumer has to pass before the end of the event (Chase & Dasu, 81). Finally, there is need for offering a meal to those who go through the blood donation experience. People’s perception of time is subjective. Increasing the segments of an activity lengthens its perceived duration (Chase & Dasu,